Energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in selected ASEAN countries

• Published in: Letters in spatial and resource sciences Vol. 18; no. 1; p. 2
• Main Authors: Ghoshray, Atanu, Lorusso, Marco
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.12.2025; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Agricultural Economics; Carbon dioxide; Demography; Disequilibrium; Economic growth; Economics; Economics and Finance; Emissions; Energy consumption; Environmental Economics; Equilibrium; GDP; Geographical Information Systems/Cartography; Gross Domestic Product; Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning; Original Paper; Regional/Spatial Science; Renewable energy; Time series; Energy consumption; Patents; Q32; C32; Q56; CO2 emissions; Economic growth; Cointegration; Q28; O32
• ISSN: 1864-4031; 1864-404X; 1864-404X
• DOI: 10.1007/s12076-025-00398-y

This study analyses the link between economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy consumption in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Singapore, grouped together as ASEAN-4. Our contribution is novel in two ways. Firstly, we employ patent applications in our study which acts as a proxy for technological progress. This allows us to test whether patents form a part of a possible long run equilibrium relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions, or whether patents respond to any disequilibrium in the postulated long run relation. Secondly, since we focus on the long run, we compile a unique dataset that is long enough that can lend itself to use time series methods to identify the plausible long run equilibrium relationships for individual countries, obviating the complexities that the heterogenous set of countries may bring when considered together. Our empirical findings identify GDP to be positively associated with non-renewable energy consumption as well as CO2 emissions. In addition, we find that technological advances positively affect real GDP in the short run.