Exclusive focus particles and their syntax & scope-taking in English, Vietnamese, and Korean

• Published in: Linguistic research Vol. 37; no. 1; pp. 1 - 28
• Main Author: Park, Myung-Kwan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Seoul Kyung Hee Institute for the Study of Language and Information 01.03.2020; 언어정보연구소
• Subjects: English language; Focus; Function words; Korean language; Languages; Linguistics; Predicate; Scope; Sentence structure; Syntax; Vietnamese; 언어학
• ISSN: 1229-1374
• DOI: 10.17250/khisli.37.1.202003.001

This paper concentrates on the syntax and scope-taking of the exclusive focus particles in English, Vietnamese, and Korean. We first note that unlike in English, in Vietnamese the focus particle 'chi' cannot occur on VP-internal elements. Building on this dichotomy between the two languages, we develop and endorse a movement analysis of focus particles. Specifically, we argue that Vietnamese 'chi' and English 'only' at VP-peripheral position are moved overtly from VP-internal position to the Spec of the null Sigma head, thereby serving as a scope marker at its landing site. When at pre-subject position, however, they are not granted a licensing Sigma head in the upper TP domain, thus embracing the in-situ strategy for scope-taking. Meanwhile, unlike its Vietnamese counterpart, English 'only' overtly staying in VP-internal position undergoes covert movement to take propositional scope. Now in a parallel fashion to English 'only' at VP-internal position, the Korean focus particle '-man' unmarkedly undergoes not overt but covert movement to the Spec of the null Sigma head, which also in turn counts as a scope marker. At the same time, it can markedly take the overt movement strategy, landing at the right periphery of VP.