基于功能语法的汉语复合体结构与语气实现的层级性初探 ―― 以“正...在...着呢”与“正...着呢”为例

• Published in: 중국학보 Vol. 112; pp. 3 - 26
• Main Authors: 许斌, Heo Bin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: Korean
• Published: 한국중국학회 30.05.2025
• Subjects: exclamative construction; Functional Grammar; imperfective aspect; layering theory; Mandarin aspect markers; phasal aspect; temporal satellite; 功能语法; 层级理论; 感叹句结构; 时间卫星; 汉语体标记; 阶段体; 非完整体; 중국어와문학
• ISSN: 1226-850X; 2671-8286
• DOI: 10.35982/jcs.112.1

本文以 Dik(1997)提出的功能语法层级理论为基础，选取“正...在...着呢”与“正...着呢”两种结构为研究对象，探讨其中“正”、“在”、“着”、“呢”以及“着呢”等成分在句法结构中的功能定位与层级归属。研究指出，“正”可归为时间焦点副词(σ₂)，标示事件发生的时间点；“在”与“着”虽同属进行或持续类标记，但功能与结构层级存在差异，分别体现为阶段体与非完整体，对应于体操作成分层级内部的π₁b与π₁a。该区分基于其形态结合度与语法化程度的不同，并强调时间卫星与体操作成分之间的功能划分。 此外，本文进一步分析了语气标记“呢”与双音节格式“着呢”的语用功能，指出其在结构上虽位于句末，应归入言语行为操作成分(π₄)，用于实现感叹、强调或持续提示等发话意图。通过对上述成分的层级分析，本文尝试验证功能语法在解释汉语复合体结构与语气实现过程中的可操作性与理论扩展潜力，并为未来相关研究，特别是在句式类型与语法范畴互动方面的深入探讨，提供理论参考与分析框架。 This study applies the layered model of Functional Grammar proposed by Dik (1997) to analyze the Mandarin constructions “zheng...zai...zhe ne” and “zheng...zhe ne.” The analysis focuses on the functional status and grammatical layering of the elements zheng, zai, zhe, ne, and the disyllabic form zhe ne. The findings suggest that zheng functions as a temporal focus adverb (σ₂), while zai and zhe―though both express progressive meaning―operate at different structural levels. Specifically, zai serves as a phasal aspect marker at the peripheral aspect operator level (π₁b), and zhe functions as an imperfective aspect marker at the core aspect operator level (π₁a). This distinction is based on differences in morphosyntactic bonding and degrees of grammaticalization. The study further emphasizes the functional distinction between temporal satellites and aspectual operators within the layered clause structure. Moreover, the analysis examines the sentence-final particles ne and zhe ne, proposing that both function as illocutionary operators at the speech act layer (π₄). In particular, zhe ne may serve as an indivisible disyllabic modal marker expressing exclamative, emphatic, or durative interpretations in specific discourse contexts. Through these observations, the study demonstrates that the layered framework of Functional Grammar offers explanatory adequacy and analytical precision for describing complex aspectual and modal expressions in Mandarin Chinese―despite its typologically minimal morphological marking. This research aims to provide a theoretical foundation for future studies on clause types and the interaction of grammatical categories from a functional perspective.