東アジア諸国における都市集合住宅の近代化過程(1)

• Published in: 住宅総合研究財団研究年報 Vol. 21; pp. 157 - 168
• Main Authors: 藤田 忍, 小林 秀樹, 友清 貴和, 大屋 道夫, 林 建平
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: Japanese
• Published: Housing Research Foundation "JUSOKEN" 1995; 一般財団法人 住総研
• ISSN: 0916-1864; 2423-9879
• DOI: 10.20803/jusokennen.21.0_157

East Asian or Southeast Asian countries, such as Japan, China, and Taiwan, have been pursuing a modernization process which has been influenced by East European countries. As part of the effort to study these regions, we pick up with China this year. We intend to sort out the characteristics of the modernization process with urban multi-family housing. Major subject areas are : A. Position of multi-family housing in urban housing ; B. Relationship between the social system and the supply of multi-family housing (popularization process of multi-family housing) ; C. Relationship between the traditional housing culture and modernization (the floor plan of the unit, living activity, the way of living, the use of shoes and floor furnishings, and locality) ; D. Roles of European countries in the modernization of housing. In chapter 1, the following have been clarified : (1) In the urban areas of China, the most popular kind of housing is multi-family housing. (2) The living standard is still low. Though there are still many problems, the standard is steadily rising. (3) As reasons for the popularity of urban multi-family housing, there are the influences of the Soviet Union in the early stages, the nationalization and possession of real estate, and the planned supply of housing by national and local units. In Chapter 2, the transition in plans of the housing units were analyzed from written references. As a result, the transition process has been sorted into : Soviet Union Style Housing, Tao-jian Style Housing, First Half Ting Style Housing, and Last Half Ting Style Housing. The following three became apparent as the elements regulating the plans of the units : (1) the effects of the Soviet Union style housing, (2) the restriction of area for the reduction of costs, and (3) the rationalization of living styles and the role of Ting. In Chapter 3, the following two points were confirmed from the results of a dwelling survey : (1) there is a relationship between the division of private and public spheres in living activities and the scale of Ting ; and (2) there exists a locality effect in the plans of the residence and the dwelling styles. In Chapter 4, analysis was performed on the relationship between the housing supply and the social system. The following points became evident : (1) up to now, the “skeleton supply with minimum specification” and “self-remodeling at the time of beginning residence in the housing unit” are inevitable ; and (2) with the increase in commercialization in recent years, the supply method is being affected. From the above study results, as a conclusion, the characteristics of the modernization process of multi-family housing in China were summarized. 西欧諸国の影響を受けながら近代化を進めてきた，我が国をはじめ中国や台湾等の東アジア，あるいは東南アジア諸国等の研究の一環として，本年度はまず中国を取り上げ，都市集合住宅を対象に近代化過程の特徴を整理することを目的とする。主たる柱は，A.都市居住における集合住宅の位置と役割，B.社会体制と集合住宅供給（集合住宅の普及過程）の関係，C.伝統的住文化と近代化の関係（平面構成・生活行為・起居様式・履床様式・地方性），D.住宅近代化に果たした西欧諸国の役割，の4つである。1章では､(1)中国の都市部では集合住宅が圧倒的に普及していること，(2)居住水準も未だ低く課題も多いが，着実に上昇しつつあること，(3)都市集合住宅の普及要因としては初期におけるソ連の影響，不動産の国家所有化，その後の国家および単位（企業のこと）による住宅の計画的供給，が挙げられることが明らかとなった。2章では集合住宅の平面構成の推移を文献資料から分析し，ソ連模倣住宅，套間型住宅，前期庁型住宅，後期庁型住宅への変容過程として整理した。ここでは平面構成を規定する要因として，(1)初期のソ連の影響，(2)コスト低減のための面積制限と平面計画，(3)住生活の「合理化」と庁の役割，の3つが浮き彫りになった。3章では，住まい方調査によって，(1)生活行為の公私分化と庁の規模との関係，(2)住戸の半面と住様式における地方性の存在，を確認した。4章では住宅供給と社会体制の関係について分析を行ない，(1)これまで「最低仕様型スケルトン供給」と「入居時の自己改造」が必然的であった点，また，(2)近年の商品化の中で供給方式自身も影響を受けている点，を明らかにした。以上の研究結果より，中国における集合住宅の近代化過程の特徴を要約し結論とした。