結婚難の尺度とその適用

Variations in birth cohort size can be shown to have significant effects on both socio-economic and demographic phenomena. Among these is the presence or absence of a marriage squeeze against males or females. A marriage squeeze results when males and females of different cohort sizes enter the marr...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in人口学研究 Vol. 8; pp. 1 - 10
Main Authors 安蔵 伸治, Anzo Shinji
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Population Association of Japan 1985
日本人口学会
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0386-8311
2424-2489
2424-2489
DOI10.24454/jps.8.0_1

Cover

More Information
Summary:Variations in birth cohort size can be shown to have significant effects on both socio-economic and demographic phenomena. Among these is the presence or absence of a marriage squeeze against males or females. A marriage squeeze results when males and females of different cohort sizes enter the marriage market. The measurement of the marriage squeeze is not fully developed. This article examines adequacies of the sex-ratio measure which was developed by Akers and Heer and Grossbard-Schechtman and the Index of Marriage Squeeze, the S measure, which was constructed by Schoen. These are demonstrated specifically using data from 1950 to 1980. The sex ratio measure is based on the imbalance in the numbers between marriage eligible males and marriage eligible females. The critical concern relevant to this measure is how to decide the marriageable age for both males and females. When one compares the marriage squeeze phenomena using the fixed marriageable age in time series analysis, the measure ignores the changes of age preference in mate selection and cultural changes over time. In addition, the sex ratio measure does not take into account the various possible age-combinations of marriage partners. On the other hand, Schoen's measure has advantages as a measure of the marriage squeeze because not only does it recognize all age-combinations at marriage, but also it is a ratio of the difference of the proportion of unmarried males and females to the marriage rate in the two sexes. For Japan, all measures show the existence of a marriage squeeze for females from the 1950's to the late 1960's. The severe marriage squeeze for women in the 1950's is caused by a big loss of marriage eligible men during WWII, and the one in the late 1960's is caused by the "baby boom" female's participation in the marriage market at an earlier age than the "baby boom" men. In the 1970's, the trend turned into a marriage squeeze for males. The probable reasons are the "baby boom" effect on men and the postponement of marriage by marriageable aged women who selected to avail themselves of increased past high school educational opportunities. 同時出生集団の規模の変化は,のちの社会経済的状況のみならず,出生,あるいは婚姻といった人口学的諸要因にも変化をもたらす。特に婚姻については,異なる規模の同時出生集団が結婚市場に参入することによって結婚難を生ずる。結婚難の概念は1950年以降,米国において発展したが,その尺度に関しては十分な発展をとげていない。本稿では性比をもとにした尺度と,婚姻率をもとにしたR. Schoenの尺度に関し,その妥当性を考察した。また我が国のデータをもとに数種の尺度を算出し,それらを比較検討してみた。性比の結婚難尺度は,結婚適齢期人口の性比とされるが,従来の考え方は,その適齢期の決定に問題がある。適齢期を一定にし,時系列で比較した場合,結婚における年齢選好の時間的変化ならびに社会的変化をも無視することになるからである。また,性比の尺度は,婚姻における様々な年齢の組み合わせを無視する。これに比べ,Schoenの尺度は,観察しうるすべての組み合わせを考察に入れ算出されるのみならず,男女の独身率(あるいは未婚率)の差を両性の婚姻率と比較することによって計測できるので,結婚難の状況を明確に示すことのできるものといえよう。我が国の場合,どの方法を用いても,1950年代から60年代後期までは,女子の結婚難であった。1950年代の厳しい女子の結婚難は第2次大戦における結婚適齢期男子の損失が大きな原因であり,1960年代後期には,戦後のベビーブーム世代の女子が男子よりも先に結婚市場に参入したためにおこったと考察できる。1970年代以降は,男子が結婚難の状況にある。ベビーブーム世代の男子の結婚市場への参入,そして女子の教育水準の上昇による結婚の延期が原因と考えられる。
ISSN:0386-8311
2424-2489
2424-2489
DOI:10.24454/jps.8.0_1