A prospective study of bloodstream infections among febrile adolescents and adults attending Yangon General Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar

• Published in: PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol. 14; no. 4; p. e0008268
• Main Authors: Myat, Tin Ohn, Oo, Khine Mar, Mone, Hla Kye, Htike, Wah Win, Biswas, Ambarish, Hannaway, Rachel F, Murdoch, David R, Ussher, James E, Crump, John A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 01.04.2020; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adolescents; Adults; Antibiotics; Antigens; Antimicrobial agents; Antimicrobial resistance; Bacteria; Biology and Life Sciences; Blood; Carbapenemase; Cephalosporins; Diagnosis; Drug resistance; Drug resistance in microorganisms; E coli; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Ethics; Etiology; Fever; Funding; Gene sequencing; Genetic aspects; Genomes; Genotype; Health aspects; Hospitals; Identification; Identification and classification; Illnesses; Immunology; Infections; Klebsiella; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Laboratories; Medicine; Medicine and Health Sciences; Methicillin; Multidrug resistance; Mutation; Nosocomial infections; Nucleotide sequence; Pathogens; Patients; Public health; Research and Analysis Methods; Resistance mechanisms; Salmonella; Septicemia; Software; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae; Streptococcus infections; Tertiary; Tropical diseases; Typhoid; Whole genome sequencing; Yeast; Yeasts; β Lactamase; Myanmar; New Zealand; East Asia; Myanmar (Burma); France; United States > US
• ISSN: 1935-2727; 1935-2735; 1935-2735
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008268

Data on causes of community-onset bloodstream infection in Myanmar are scarce. We aimed to identify etiological agents of bloodstream infections and patterns of antimicrobial resistance among febrile adolescents and adults attending Yangon General Hospital (YGH), Yangon, Myanmar. We recruited patients ≥12 years old with fever ≥38°C who attended YGH from 5 October 2015 through 4 October 2016. A standardized clinical history and physical examination was performed. Provisional diagnoses and vital status at discharge was recorded. Blood was collected for culture, bloodstream isolates were identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. Using whole-genome sequencing, we identified antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of Enterobacteriaceae and sequence types of Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus agalactiae. Among 947 participants, 90 (9.5%) had bloodstream infections (BSI) of which 82 (91.1%) were of community-onset. Of 91 pathogens isolated from 90 positive blood cultures, we identified 43 (47.3%) Salmonella enterica including 33 (76.7%) serovar Typhi and 10 (23.3%) serovar Paratyphi A; 20 (22.0%) Escherichia coli; 7 (7.7%) Klebsiella pneumoniae; 6 (6.6%), Staphylococcus aureus; 4 (4.4%) yeasts; and 1 (1.1%) each of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Streptococcus agalactiae. Of 70 Enterobacteriaceae, 62 (88.6%) were fluoroquinolone-resistant. Among 27 E. coli and K. pneumoniae, 18 (66.6%) were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producers, and 1 (3.7%) each were AmpC beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producers. Fluoroquinolone resistance was associated predominantly with mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region. blaCTX-M-15 expression was common among ESBL-producers. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was not detected. Fluoroquinolone-resistant, but not multiple drug-resistant, typhoidal S. enterica was the leading cause of community-onset BSI at a tertiary hospital in Yangon, Myanmar. Fluoroquinolone and extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance was common among other Enterobactericeae. Our findings inform empiric management of severe febrile illness in Yangon and indicate that measures to prevent and control enteric fever are warranted. We suggest ongoing monitoring and efforts to mitigate antimicrobial resistance among community-onset pathogens.