Vitamin D and parathormone levels of late-preterm formula fed infants during the first year of life

• Published in: European journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 66; no. 2; pp. 224 - 230
• Main Authors: Giapros, V I, Schiza, V, Challa, A S, Cholevas, V K, Theocharis, P D, Kolios, G, Pantou, C, Andronikou, S K
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.02.2012; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: Alfacalcidol; Babies; Baby foods; Biological and medical sciences; Bottle Feeding; Calcifediol; Calciferol; Calcium; Calcium phosphates; Clinical Nutrition; Diet; Diseases of mother, fetus and pregnancy; Documentation; Epidemiology; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; Food and Nutrition; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gestational Age; Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics; Health aspects; Hormones; Humans; Infant; Infant Formula - pharmacology; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases - blood; Infant, Newborn, Diseases - epidemiology; Infant, Premature - blood; Infant, Small for Gestational Age - blood; Infants; Infants (Premature); Internal Medicine; Life Sciences; Male; Medical sciences; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolic Diseases; Neonates; Newborn babies; Nutrition research; original-article; Parathyroid hormone; Parathyroid Hormone - blood; Population studies; Pregnancy. Fetus. Placenta; Premature babies; Premature birth; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Public Health; Reference Values; Serum levels; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Vitamin D; Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives; Vitamin D - blood; Vitamin D Deficiency - blood; Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology; Greece; late-preterm infant; small for gestational age; catch-up growth; vitamin D; parathormone; Intrauterine growth retardation; Late; Pregnancy disorders; Growth; Low birth weight; Metabolic diseases; Fetal diseases; Newborn diseases; Prematurity; Vitamin D; small-for-gestational age
• ISSN: 0954-3007; 1476-5640; 1476-5640
• DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.158

Background/Objectives: Preterm infants are at risk for low vitamin D but documentation on late-preterm infants is sparse. This prospective study monitored longitudinally vitamin D and parathormone (PTH) levels in late-preterm formula fed infants during the first year of life, taking into consideration in utero and postnatal growth, and season and diet. Subjects/Methods: The study population comprised 128 infants of gestational age (GA) 32–36 weeks, of which 102 were appropriate (AGA) and the remaining 26 were small for GA (SGA). Serum levels of vitamin D (25(OH)D), PTH calcium, phosphate (P) and alkaline phosphate were estimated at 2 and 6 weeks, and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Results: The 25(OH)D levels were relatively low at 2 and 6 weeks in both AGA and SGA infants (21±11, 20±7 ng/ml and 25±16, 23±8 ng/ml, respectively), but increased at 6 months (45±14, 47±10 ng/ml) and remained stable thereafter. SGA infants had lower 25(OH)D levels at 9 and 12 months (AGA 45±14, 47±18 ng/ml vs SGA 38±13, 37±13 ng/ml, P <0.05). Deficiency of 25(OH)D (<20 ng/ml) was found in 18.5% of measurements in 92 (72%) infants, and its insufficiency (20–32 ng/ml) was found in 29.2% of measurements in 99 (77.3%) infants. Most measurements with vitamin D <32 ng/ml were observed at the first three study points, where PTH showed an inverse association with 25(OH)D, reaching a plateau thereafter. Conclusions: Late-preterm, formula fed infants may have suboptimal vitamin D levels and elevated PTH, especially, during the first 3 months. Those born SGA may have lower vitamin D levels up to the end of the first year of life.