Replacing non-biomedical concepts improves embedding of biomedical concepts

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 20; no. 5; p. e0322498
• Main Authors: Niyonkuru, Enock, Gomez, Mauricio Soto, Casarighi, Elena, Antogiovanni, Stephan, Blau, Hannah, Reese, Justin T., Valentini, Giorgio, Robinson, Peter N.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 05.05.2025; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Clusters; Computational linguistics; computational pipelines; Computer and Information Sciences; Embedding; Information retrieval; Language processing; lexical semantics; Lung carcinoma; Machine Learning; Medical Informatics Computing; Medical Subject Headings-MeSH; Medical terminology; Methods; Natural language interfaces; Natural language processing; Neural networks; Noise reduction; Non-small cell lung carcinoma; Ontology; Physical Sciences; Representations; Research and Analysis Methods; Semantics; Social Sciences; Text categorization; Vector spaces; United States
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0322498

Embeddings are semantically meaningful representations of words in a vector space, commonly used to enhance downstream machine learning applications. Traditional biomedical embedding techniques often replace all synonymous words representing biological or medical concepts with a unique token, ensuring consistent representation and improving embedding quality. However, the potential impact of replacing non-biomedical concept synonyms has received less attention. Embedding approaches often employ concept replacement to replace concepts that span multiple words, such as non-small-cell lung carcinoma, with a single concept identifier (e.g., D002289). Also, all synonyms of each concept are merged into the same identifier. Here, we additionally leveraged WordNet to identify and replace sets of non-biomedical synonyms with their most common representatives. This combined approach aimed to reduce embedding noise from non-biomedical terms while preserving the integrity of biomedical concept representations. We applied this method to 1,055 biomedical concept sets representing molecular signatures or medical categories and assessed the mean pairwise distance of embeddings with and without non-biomedical synonym replacement. A smaller mean pairwise distance was interpreted as greater intra-cluster coherence and higher embedding quality. Embeddings were generated using the Word2Vec algorithm applied to a corpus of 10 million PubMed abstracts. Our results demonstrate that the addition of non-biomedical synonym replacement reduced the mean intra-cluster distance by an average of 8%, suggesting that this complementary approach enhances embedding quality. Future work will assess its applicability to other embedding techniques and downstream tasks. Python code implementing this method is provided under an open-source license.