Benzodiazepine, z-drug and pregabalin prescriptions and mortality among patients in opioid maintenance treatment—A nation-wide register-based open cohort study

• Published in: Drug and alcohol dependence Vol. 174; pp. 58 - 64
• Main Authors: Abrahamsson, Tove, Berge, Jonas, Öjehagen, Agneta, Håkansson, Anders
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Ireland Elsevier B.V 01.05.2017; Elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Benzodiazepines; Benzodiazepines - adverse effects; Beroendelära och missbruk; Buprenorphine; Buprenorphine - therapeutic use; Categories; Clinical Medicine; Cohort analysis; Death; Death & dying; Drug Abuse and Addiction; Drug dependence; Drug Overdose - mortality; Drug Prescriptions - statistics & numerical data; Drugs; Female; Health Sciences; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives - adverse effects; Hälsovetenskap; Klinisk medicin; Maintenance; Male; Medical and Health Sciences; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Methadone; Methadone - therapeutic use; Middle Aged; Mortality; Narcotics; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Opioid use disorder; Opioid-Related Disorders - drug therapy; Opioids; Overdose; Overdoses; Patients; Pregabalin; Pregabalin - adverse effects; Prescribing; Prescription drugs; Psychiatry; Psykiatri; Registries; Regression analysis; Retrospective Studies; Risk factors; Sedative drugs; Sedatives; Sensitivity analysis; Substance use disorder; Suicide; Young Adult; Substance use disorder; Sedatives; Buprenorphine; Mortality; Overdose; Methadone; Pregabalin; Opioid use disorder; Benzodiazepines; opioid use disorder; overdose; buprenorphine; benzodiazepines; mortality; substance use disorder; pregabalin; methadone; sedatives
• ISSN: 0376-8716; 1879-0046; 1879-0046
• DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.013

•Prescriptions of sedatives were common in subjects with opioid dependence.•Prescriptions of pregabalin and z-drugs were associated with overdose mortality.•Benzodiazepine prescription approached significant association with overdose death.•Benzodiazepines were strongly associated with all-cause and non-overdose deaths.•Physicians should be cautious about sedative prescription in opioid dependence. Use of sedatives may increase risk of death in opioid users. The aim of the study was to assess whether prescription of sedatives may be associated with mortality in patients in opioid maintenance treatment. This retrospective register-based open cohort study included nation-wide register data including all individuals who were dispensed methadone or buprenorphine as opioid maintenance treatment for opioid dependence between July, 2005 and December, 2012 (N=4501). Outcome variables were overdose mortality and non-overdose mortality, respectively. Extended Cox regression analyses examined associations between type of sedative prescriptions and death, controlling for sex, age, previous overdoses and suicide attempts, psychiatric in-patient treatment and opioid maintenance treatment status. Opioid maintenance was assumed to last for 90days (or 30days in a sensitivity analysis) after the last methadone or buprenorphine prescription. Benzodiazepine prescriptions were associated with non-overdose death (HR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.29–3.18) but not significantly associated with overdose death (1.49, 0.97–2.29). Z-drug (1.60, 1.07–2.39) and pregabalin prescriptions (2.82, 1.79–4.43) were associated with overdose death. In the sensitivity analysis, all categories of sedatives, including benzodiazepines, were significantly associated with overdose death. Caution is advised when prescribing sedative drugs, including benzodiazepines, z-drugs and pregabalin, to patients in opioid maintenance treatment.