Differential contributions of theobromine and caffeine on mood, psychomotor performance and blood pressure

• Published in: Physiology & behavior Vol. 104; no. 5; pp. 816 - 822
• Main Authors: Mitchell, E.S., Slettenaar, M., vd Meer, N., Transler, C., Jans, L., Quadt, F., Berry, M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier Inc 24.10.2011; Elsevier
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Affect - drug effects; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Behavioral psychophysiology; Biological and medical sciences; blood pressure; Blood Pressure - drug effects; caffeine; Caffeine - pharmacology; Central Nervous System Stimulants - pharmacology; Chocolate; Cocoa; Cognition; Drug Combinations; emotions; Female; Food; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Humans; ingestion; Medical sciences; Methylxanthine; Middle Aged; Mood; Neuropharmacology; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; placebos; Psychiatry; Psychoanaleptics: cns stimulant, antidepressant agent, nootropic agent, mood stabilizer; Psychoanaleptics: cns stimulant, antidepressant agent, nootropic agent, mood stabilizer..., (alzheimer disease); Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychophysiology; Psychomotor Performance - drug effects; Psychopharmacology; Saliva - drug effects; Saliva - metabolism; Stimulants; synergism; theobromine; Theobromine - pharmacology; Time Factors; Vasodilator Agents - pharmacology; Young Adult; Methylxanthine; Stimulants; Mood; Chocolate; Cognition; Cocoa; Food; Cardiotonic agent; CNS stimulant; Psychotropic; Theobromine; Psychomotricity; Respiratory analeptic; Diuretic; Xanthine derivatives; Blood pressure; Hemodynamics; Performance; Caffeine
• ISSN: 0031-9384; 1873-507X; 1873-507X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.027

The combination of theobromine and caffeine, methylxanthines found in chocolate, has previously been shown to improve mood and cognition. However, it is unknown whether these molecules act synergistically. This study tested the hypothesis that a combination of caffeine and theobromine has synergistic effects on cognition, mood and blood pressure in 24 healthy female subjects. The effects of theobromine (700mg), caffeine (120mg) or the combination of both, or placebo were tested on mood (the Bond–Lader visual analog scale), psychomotor performance (the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)) and blood pressure before and at 1, 2 and 3h after administration. Theobromine alone decreased self-reported calmness 3h after ingestion and lowered blood pressure relative to placebo 1h after ingestion. Caffeine increased self-reported alertness 1, 2 and 3h after ingestion and contentedness 1 and 2h after ingestion, and increased blood pressure relative to placebo (at 1h). The combination of caffeine+theobromine had similar effects as caffeine alone on mood, but with no effect on blood pressure. There was no treatment effect on DSST performance. Together these results suggest that theobromine and caffeine could have differential effects on mood and blood pressure. It was tentatively concluded that caffeine may have more CNS-mediated effects on alertness, while theobromine may be acting primarily via peripheral physiological changes. ► In this study we examined caffeine and theobromine for synergistic mood effects. ► Caffeine increases alertness and increases blood pressure. ► Theobromine decreases calmness and blood pressure. ► Combination of caffeine and theobromine has similar effects as caffeine alone but no effect on blood pressure.