Control of Outer Radial Glial Stem Cell Mitosis in the Human Brain

• Published in: Cell reports (Cambridge) Vol. 8; no. 3; pp. 656 - 664
• Main Authors: Ostrem, Bridget E.L., Lui, Jan H., Gertz, Caitlyn C., Kriegstein, Arnold R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 07.08.2014; Elsevier
• Subjects: Calcium - metabolism; Cells, Cultured; Centrosome - metabolism; Fetus; Humans; Microtubules - metabolism; Mitosis; Myosin Type II - metabolism; Neocortex - cytology; Neocortex - embryology; Neocortex - metabolism; Neural Stem Cells - cytology; Neural Stem Cells - metabolism; Neuroglia - cytology; Neuroglia - metabolism; rho-Associated Kinases - metabolism
• ISSN: 2211-1247; 2211-1247
• DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.058

Evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex is partially attributed to a relative abundance of neural stem cells in the fetal brain called outer radial glia (oRG). oRG cells display a characteristic division mode, mitotic somal translocation (MST), in which the soma rapidly translocates toward the cortical plate immediately prior to cytokinesis. MST may be essential for progenitor zone expansion, but the mechanism of MST is unknown, hindering exploration of its function in development and disease. Here, we show that MST requires activation of the Rho effector ROCK and nonmuscle myosin II, but not intact microtubules, centrosomal translocation into the leading process, or calcium influx. MST is independent of mitosis and distinct from interkinetic nuclear migration and saltatory migration. Our findings suggest that disrupted MST may underlie neurodevelopmental diseases affecting the Rho-ROCK-myosin pathway and provide a foundation for future exploration of the role of MST in neocortical development, evolution, and disease. [Display omitted] •oRG mitosis is preceded by MST, a rapid translocation toward the cortical plate•MST requires ROCK and myosin II activation, but not intact microtubules•MST is not dependent on centrosomal translocation into the leading process•Diseases attributed to disrupted neuronal migration may also involve oRG cell MST The considerable size and foldedness of the human brain is thought be caused, in part, by a relative abundance of neural stem cells in the fetal brain called outer radial glia (oRG). Ostrem et al. show that a unique dynamic behavior of oRG cells, mitotic somal translocation (MST), may underlie neural progenitor zone expansion and requires ROCK and myosin activation, but not microtubule motors. This study suggests that cortical malformations previously attributed to the disruption of these mechanisms in neuronal migration may also involve oRG cell MST.