Dose-dependent satiating effect of whey relative to casein or soy

• Published in: Physiology & behavior Vol. 96; no. 4; pp. 675 - 682
• Main Authors: Veldhorst, Margriet A.B., Nieuwenhuizen, Arie G., Hochstenbach-Waelen, Ananda, van Vught, Anneke J.A.H., Westerterp, Klaas R., Engelen, Marielle P.K.J., Brummer, Robert-Jan M., Deutz, Nicolaas E.P., Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier Inc 23.03.2009; Elsevier
• Subjects: Active ghrelin; Active GLP-1; Adolescent; Adult; Amino acids; Amino Acids - blood; Analysis of Variance; Appetite ratings; Appetite Regulation - physiology; Behavioral psychophysiology; Biological and medical sciences; Blood Glucose - metabolism; Casein; Caseins - metabolism; Dermatologi och venerologi, klinisk genetik, invärtesmedicin; Dermatology and venerology,clinical genetics, internal medicine; Dietary Proteins - classification; Dietary Proteins - metabolism; Energy Intake - physiology; Feeding Behavior - physiology; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gastroenterologi; Gastroenterology; Ghrelin - blood; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 - blood; Humans; Hunger - physiology; Insulin; Insulin - blood; Internal medicine; Invärtesmedicin; Male; MEDICIN; MEDICINE; Milk Proteins - metabolism; Postprandial Period - physiology; Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychophysiology; Reference Values; Satiety Response - physiology; Single-Blind Method; Soy; Soybean Proteins - metabolism; Statistics, Nonparametric; Threshold; Whey; Whey Proteins; Young Adult; Casein; Active ghrelin; Amino acids; Active GLP-1; Appetite ratings; Soy; Whey; Insulin; Threshold; Appetite; Pancreatic hormone; Appetite stimulant; Milk protein; Ghrelin; Aminoacid
• ISSN: 0031-9384; 1873-507X; 1873-507X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.01.004

Dietary protein plays a role in body weight regulation, partly because of its effects on appetite. The objective was to compare the effects of high or normal casein-, soy-, or whey-protein breakfasts on appetite, specific hormones, amino acid responses and subsequent energy intake. Twenty-five healthy subjects (mean ± SEM BMI:23.9 ± 0.3 kg/m 2; age:22 ± 1 years) received standardized breakfasts: custards with either casein-, soy, or whey-protein with either 10/55/35 (normal) or 25/55/20 (high)En% protein/carbohydrate/fat in a randomized, single-blind design. Appetite profile (Visual Analogue Scales) and amino acid concentrations were determined for 4 h whereas plasma glucose, insulin, active Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), and active ghrelin concentrations were determined for 3 h; the sensitive moment for lunch was determined. Subjects returned for a second set of experiments and received the same breakfasts, ad lib lunch was offered 180 min later; energy intake (EI) was assessed. At 10En%, whey decreased hunger more than casein or soy ( p < 0.05), coinciding with higher leucine, lysine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and threonine responses ( p < 0.05). At 25En% there were no differences in appetite ratings. Whey triggered the strongest responses in concentrations of active GLP-1 ( p < 0.05) and insulin ( p < 0.05) compared with casein and/or soy. There were no differences in EI. In conclusion, differences in appetite ratings between different proteins appeared at a normal concentration; at 10En% whey-protein decreased hunger more than casein- or soy-protein. At 25En% whey-protein triggered stronger responses in hormone concentrations than casein- or soy-protein. The results suggest that a difference in appetite ratings between types of protein appears when certain amino acids are above and below particular threshold values.