Association of pregnancy outcomes in women with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin versus insulin when becoming pregnant

• Published in: BMC pregnancy and childbirth Vol. 20; no. 1; pp. 512 - 8
• Main Authors: Lin, Shu-Fu, Chang, Shang-Hung, Kuo, Chang-Fu, Lin, Wan-Ting, Chiou, Meng-Jiun, Huang, Yu-Tung
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BioMed Central 04.09.2020; BMC
• Subjects: Adult; Antidiabetics; Antihypertensives; Apgar score; Aspirin; Birth weight; Cesarean section; Datasets; Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - drug therapy; Female; Fetuses; Gestational age; Gynecology; Humans; Hypertension; Hypoglycemic Agents - adverse effects; Hypoglycemic Agents - therapeutic use; Infant, Newborn; Insulin; Insulin - adverse effects; Insulin - therapeutic use; Maternal and Child Health; Maternal health and pregnancy; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metformin; Metformin - adverse effects; Metformin - therapeutic use; Patients; Preeclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Diabetics - drug therapy; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature birth; Reproductive Medicine; Research Article; Retrospective Studies; Stillbirth; Womens health; Young Adult; Taiwan; Insulin; Pregnancy outcome; Metformin
• ISSN: 1471-2393; 1471-2393
• DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03207-0

Background Metformin use in pregnancy is controversial because metformin crosses the placenta and the safety on the fetus has not been well-established. This retrospective study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes in women with preexisting type 2 diabetes receiving metformin or standard insulin treatment. Methods The cohort of this population-based study includes women of age 20–44 years with preexisting type 2 diabetes and singleton pregnancies in Taiwan between 2003 and 2014. Subjects were classified into three mutually exclusive groups according to glucose-lowering treatments received before and after becoming pregnant: insulin group, switching group (metformin to insulin), and metformin group. A generalized estimating equation model adjusted for patient age, duration of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, retinopathy, and aspirin use was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results A total of 1166 pregnancies were identified in the insulin group ( n  = 222), the switching group ( n  = 318) and the metformin group ( n  = 626). The insulin group and the switching group had similar pregnancy outcomes for both the mother and fetus, including risk of primary cesarean section, pregnancy-related hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm birth (< 37 weeks), very preterm birth (< 32 weeks), low birth weight (< 2500 g), high birth weight (> 4000 g), large for gestational age, and congenital malformations. The metformin group had a lower risk of primary cesarean section (aOR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40–0.82) and congenital malformations (aOR, 0.51; 95% CI; 0.27–0.94) and similar risk for the other outcomes as compared with the insulin group. Conclusions Metformin therapy was not associated with increased adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with type 2 diabetes as compared with standard insulin therapy.