US adult smokers’ perceived relative risk on ENDS and its effects on their transitions between cigarettes and ENDS

• Published in: BMC public health Vol. 22; no. 1; pp. 1771 - 13
• Main Authors: Kim, Sooyong, Shiffman, Saul, Sembower, Mark A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BioMed Central 19.09.2022; BioMed Central Ltd; BMC
• Subjects: Adult; Adults; Analysis; Behavior; Biostatistics; Cigarette; Cigarettes; Electronic cigarette; Electronic cigarettes; Electronic nicotine delivery system; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Environmental Health; Epidemiology; Harm reduction; Health aspects; Humans; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Methods; Nicotine; Nicotine inhalation system; Perceptions; Population; Public Health; Risk; Risk management; Risk perception; Risk reduction; Smokers; Smoking; Smoking - epidemiology; Social aspects; Sociodemographics; Switching; Tobacco; Tobacco Products - adverse effects; Vaccine; Vaping; United States; United States > US; Cigarette; Tobacco; Harm reduction; Risk perception; Electronic nicotine delivery system; Electronic cigarette; Smoking
• ISSN: 1471-2458; 1471-2458
• DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14168-8

Background Perceived risk reduction motivates smokers to switch to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). This research examines US smokers’ relative risk perceptions and their prospective association with various behavioral stages of switching to ENDS. Methods Data from the nationally representative, longitudinal Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Adult survey, Waves 1 (2014) through 5 (2019), were analyzed. We assessed the association between the perceived risk of ENDS relative to cigarettes (“less harmful” vs. “equally harmful” or “more harmful”) and 1) adoption of ENDS (among never-ENDS-using smokers), 2) complete switching to ENDS (i.e., stopping smoking, among ever-ENDS-using smokers), and 3) avoiding reversion to smoking (among smokers who had switched to ENDS), at the next wave. Results The proportion of US smokers perceiving ENDS as less harmful than cigarettes continually decreased, reaching 17.4% in Wave 5 (2019). Current smokers with such belief were more likely to adopt ENDS (aOR 1.31; 95% CI 1.15–1.50) and switch completely to ENDS (aOR 2.24; 95% CI 1.89–2.65) in the subsequent wave. Among smokers who had switched within the past year, such beliefs predicted avoidance of resumption of smoking in the next wave (aOR 0.55; 95% CI 0.33–0.93). Conclusions Smokers’ beliefs about the relative risk of ENDS compared to cigarettes had a strong and consistent association with transitions between smoking and ENDS use. Addressing the growing misperception about ENDS has the potential to contribute to public health by encouraging smokers’ switching to ENDS.