Predictive Power Estimation Algorithm (PPEA) - A New Algorithm to Reduce Overfitting for Genomic Biomarker Discovery

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 6; no. 9; p. e24233
• Main Authors: Liu, Jiangang, Jolly, Robert A., Smith, Aaron T., Searfoss, George H., Goldstein, Keith M., Uversky, Vladimir N., Dunker, Keith, Li, Shuyu, Thomas, Craig E., Wei, Tao
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 15.09.2011; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Animals; Bile Ducts - pathology; Bioinformatics; Biological effects; Biology; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - metabolism; Breast cancer; Cancer therapies; Case studies; Classification; Computational Biology - methods; Computer Science; Databases, Factual; Gangrene; Gene expression; Genes; Genomes; Genomics; Genomics - methods; Homeostasis; Humans; Hyperplasia; Inflammation; Informatics; Iterative methods; Kinases; Laboratories; Mathematical models; Medicine; Metabolism; Metabolites; Modelling; Models, Statistical; Multiplexing; Necrosis; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Pain; Pharmacology; Predictive Value of Tests; Proportional Hazards Models; Rats; Regulatory approval; Side effects; Statistics as Topic; Studies; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Toxicity; Toxicology; Transcription; Indiana; United States > US; Indianapolis Indiana
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024233

Toxicogenomics promises to aid in predicting adverse effects, understanding the mechanisms of drug action or toxicity, and uncovering unexpected or secondary pharmacology. However, modeling adverse effects using high dimensional and high noise genomic data is prone to over-fitting. Models constructed from such data sets often consist of a large number of genes with no obvious functional relevance to the biological effect the model intends to predict that can make it challenging to interpret the modeling results. To address these issues, we developed a novel algorithm, Predictive Power Estimation Algorithm (PPEA), which estimates the predictive power of each individual transcript through an iterative two-way bootstrapping procedure. By repeatedly enforcing that the sample number is larger than the transcript number, in each iteration of modeling and testing, PPEA reduces the potential risk of overfitting. We show with three different cases studies that: (1) PPEA can quickly derive a reliable rank order of predictive power of individual transcripts in a relatively small number of iterations, (2) the top ranked transcripts tend to be functionally related to the phenotype they are intended to predict, (3) using only the most predictive top ranked transcripts greatly facilitates development of multiplex assay such as qRT-PCR as a biomarker, and (4) more importantly, we were able to demonstrate that a small number of genes identified from the top-ranked transcripts are highly predictive of phenotype as their expression changes distinguished adverse from nonadverse effects of compounds in completely independent tests. Thus, we believe that the PPEA model effectively addresses the over-fitting problem and can be used to facilitate genomic biomarker discovery for predictive toxicology and drug responses.