Coprime dual-velocity encoding for extended velocity dynamic range in 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging

• Published in: Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance Vol. 27; no. 1; p. 101871
• Main Authors: Bartoli, Marta Beghella, Boccalini, Sara, Chechin, David, Boussel, Loic, Douek, Philippe, Garcia, Damien, Sigovan, Monica
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Inc 2025; BioMed Central : Elsevier; Elsevier
• Subjects: 4D flow MRI; Algorithms; Bioengineering; Blood Flow Velocity; Cardiovascular; Computer Simulation; Coronary Circulation; Dual-VENC; Extended velocity dynamic range; Feasibility Studies; Female; Flow phantom; Heart Diseases - diagnosis; Heart Diseases - physiopathology; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted - methods; Imaging; Life Sciences; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - instrumentation; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Cardiovascular; Myocardial Perfusion Imaging - instrumentation; Myocardial Perfusion Imaging - methods; Original Research; Phantoms, Imaging; Predictive Value of Tests; Radiology/Diagnostic Imaging; Reproducibility of Results; VNR; CFD; 4D flow MRI; FH; sDV; MRI; PRF; Extended velocity dynamic range; LV; VENC; AAo; 4D; coDV; 0000; 1111; VNR; Flow phantom; MR; CMR; AP; PCMRA; TE; PC; Dual-VENC; BAV; RL; FA; SENSE; MRA; TR; magnetic resonance; left ventricle; standard dual velocity encoding; phase contrast; feet-head; echo time; right-left; repetition time; computational fluid dynamics; anterior-posterior; four-dimensional; coprime dual velocity encoding; pulse repetition frequency; flip angle; ascending aorta; magnetic resonance imaging; phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography; cardiovascular magnetic resonance; velocity encoded; velocity-to-noise ratio; sensitivity encoding; bicuspid aortic valve; magnetic resonance angiography; bicuspid aortic valve CFD; ascending aorta AP; computational fluid dynamics CMR; pulse repetition frequency RL; magnetic resonance angiography MRI; cardiovascular magnetic resonance coDV; coprime dual velocity encoding FA; phase contrast PCMRA; phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography PRF; four-dimensional AAo; magnetic resonance imaging PC; anterior-posterior BAV; standard dual velocity encoding SENSE
• ISSN: 1097-6647; 1532-429X; 1532-429X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.101871

In the field of cardiovascular imaging, four-dimensional (4D) flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides non-invasive assessment of blood flow. Dual velocity encoding (dual-VENC) strategies have emerged to obtain quantitative information on both low and high blood flow velocities simultaneously. However, these strategies often encounter difficulties in coping with large velocity ranges. This work presents a dual-VENC 4D flow CMR sequence that utilizes the coprime rule to define the VENC ratio. A dual-VENC 4D flow CMR sequence and reconstruction algorithm were developed and validated in vitro at two different field strengths, using a flow phantom generating realistic complex flow patterns. A digital twin of the phantom allowed comparison of the MRI measurements with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Three patients with different cardiac pathologies were scanned in order to evaluate the in vivo feasibility of the proposed method. The results of the in vitro acquisitions demonstrated significant improvement in velocity-to-noise ratio (VNR) with respect to single-VENC acquisitions (110±3%) and conventional dual-VENC de-aliasing approach (75±3%). Furthermore, the effectiveness of aliasing correction was demonstrated even when both sets of images from the dual-VENC acquisition presented velocity aliasing artifacts. We observed a high degree of agreement between the measured and simulated velocity fields. The strength of this approach lies in the fact that, unlike the conventional de-aliasing method, no data is discarded. The final image is obtained by a weighted average of the VENClow and VENChigh datasets. Consequently, setting the value of the VENChigh to prevent aliasing is no longer necessary, and higher VNR gains are possible [Display omitted]