Brief breath holding may confound functional magnetic resonance imaging studies

• Published in: Human brain mapping Vol. 24; no. 4; pp. 284 - 290
• Main Authors: Abbott, David F., Opdam, Helen I., Briellmann, Regula S., Jackson, Graeme D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 01.04.2005; Wiley-Liss
• Subjects: Adult; Biological and medical sciences; Brain - diagnostic imaging; Brain Mapping; confounding factors; Electrodiagnosis. Electric activity recording; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; human; Humans; hypercapnia; Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects); Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Nervous system; Perception; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychophysiology; Radiodiagnosis. Nmr imagery. Nmr spectrometry; Radiography; Respiration; Vision; Nervous system diseases; Radiodiagnosis; Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; Functional imaging
• ISSN: 1065-9471; 1097-0193
• DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20086

We demonstrate that breath holding of short durations may confound functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. Some subjects may hold their breath for a short time during task performance, especially if the task is challenging. Breath holding may therefore need to be considered specifically when interpreting fMRI experiments. We studied the temporal and spatial characteristics of cerebral T2*‐weighted signal during short periods of breath holding by seven individuals in a 3‐tesla MR scanner. We demonstrate that breath‐holds as short as 3 s can result in regions of significant cerebral activation. More interestingly, we show that focal activation remains present when the data is analysed in a number of different ways, including analyses that correct for motion and model the task epoch as if it were 10 times longer than the actual breath‐hold length. These findings have potential relevance for many researchers carrying out fMRI studies. Hum. Brain Mapping 24:284–290, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.