Alcohol and tobacco consumption affects bacterial richness in oral cavity mucosa biofilms
Background Today there are more than 2 billion alcohol users and about 1.3 billion tobacco users worldwide. The chronic and heavy use of these two substances is at the heart of numerous diseases and may wreak havoc on the human oral microbiome. This study delves into the changes that alcohol and tob...
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Published in | BMC microbiology Vol. 14; no. 1; p. 250 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
London
BioMed Central
03.10.2014
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 1471-2180 1471-2180 |
DOI | 10.1186/s12866-014-0250-2 |
Cover
Summary: | Background
Today there are more than 2 billion alcohol users and about 1.3 billion tobacco users worldwide. The chronic and heavy use of these two substances is at the heart of numerous diseases and may wreak havoc on the human oral microbiome. This study delves into the changes that alcohol and tobacco may cause on biofilms of the human oral microbiome. To do so, we used swabs to sample the oral biofilm of 22 subjects; including 9 control-individuals with no or very low consumption of alcohol and no consumption of tobacco, 7 who were chronic and heavy users of both substances and 6 active smokers that reported no significant alcohol consumption. DNA was extracted from swabs and the V1 region of the 16S rRNA gene was PCR amplified and sequenced using the Ion Torrent PGM platform, generating 3.7 million high quality reads. DNA sequences were clustered and OTUs were assigned using the
ARB SILVA database
and
Qiime
.
Results
We found no differences in species diversity and evenness among the groups. However, we found a significant decrease in species richness in only smokers and in smokers/drinkers when compared to controls. We found that
Neisseria
abundance was significantly decreased in both groups when compared to controls. Smokers had significant increases in
Prevotella
and
Capnocytophaga
and reductions in
Granulicatella
,
Staphylococcus, Peptostreptococcus
and
Gemella
when compared to the two other groups. Controls showed higher abundance of
Aggregibacter
, whilst smokers/drinkers had lower abundances of
Fusobacteria
. Samples from only smokers clustered closer together than to controls and smokers/drinkers, and also had a significant reduction in inter-group dissimilarity distances, indicating a more homogenous group than controls.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that the continued use of tobacco or alcohol plus tobacco significantly reduces bacterial richness, which apparently leads to a reduction in inter-group variability, turning the respective biofilms into a more homogenous microenvironment in terms of bacterial community composition, with possible consequences for human oral diseases. |
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Bibliography: | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 |
ISSN: | 1471-2180 1471-2180 |
DOI: | 10.1186/s12866-014-0250-2 |