A spatial-temporal linear feature learning algorithm for P300-based brain-computer interfaces

• Published in: Heliyon Vol. 9; no. 4; p. e15380
• Main Authors: Aghili, Seyedeh Nadia, Kilani, Sepideh, Khushaba, Rami N, Rouhani, Ehsan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.04.2023; Elsevier
• Subjects: algorithms; artificial intelligence; brain; Brain–computer interface (BCI); data collection; discriminant analysis; Discriminative restricted Boltzmann machine (DRBM); electroencephalography; Event-related potential (ERP); Spatial-temporal features; standard deviation; Spatial-temporal features; Event-related potential (ERP); Brain–computer interface (BCI); Discriminative restricted Boltzmann machine (DRBM)
• ISSN: 2405-8440; 2405-8440
• DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15380

Speller brain-computer interface (BCI) systems can help neuromuscular disorders patients write their thoughts by using the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals by just focusing on the speller tasks. For practical speller-based BCI systems, the P300 event-related brain potential is measured by using the EEG signal. In this paper, we design a robust machine-learning algorithm for P300 target detection. The novel spatial-temporal linear feature learning (STLFL) algorithm is proposed to extract high-level P300 features. The STLFL method is a modified linear discriminant analysis technique focusing on the spatial-temporal aspects of information extraction. A new P300 detection structure is then proposed based on the combination of the novel STLFL feature extraction and discriminative restricted Boltzmann machine (DRBM) for the classification approach (STLFL + DRBM). The effectiveness of the proposed technique is evaluated using two state-of-the-art P300 BCI datasets. Across the two available databases, we show that in terms of average target recognition accuracy and standard deviation values, the proposed STLFL + DRBM method outperforms traditional methods by 33.5, 78.5, 93.5, and 98.5% for 1, 5, 10, and 15 repetitions, respectively, in BCI competition III datasets II and by 71.3, 100, 100, and 100% for 1, 5, 10, and 15 repetitions, respectively, in BCI competition II datasets II and by 67.5 ± 4, 84.2 ± 2.5, 93.5 ± 1, 96.3 ± 1, and 98.4 ± 0.5% for rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) based dataset in repetitions 1–5. The method has some advantages over the existing variants including its efficiency, robustness with a small number of training samples, and a high ability to create discriminative features between classes.