Recovering from COVID-19: psychological sequelae and post-traumatic growth six months after discharge

• Published in: European journal of psychotraumatology Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 2095133
• Main Authors: Bonazza, Federica, Luridiana Battistini, Chiara, Fior, Giulia, Bergamelli, Emilio, Wiedenmann, Federico, D'Agostino, Armando, Sferrazza Papa, Giuseppe Francesco, Borghi, Lidia, Piscopo, Kyrie, Vegni, Elena, Lamiani, Giulia
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Taylor & Francis 2022; Taylor & Francis Ltd; Taylor & Francis Group
• Subjects: Aftercare; Aged; ansiedad; Anxiety; Clinical; Coronaviruses; Covid 后综合症; COVID-19; COVID-19 - epidemiology; crecimiento postraumático; Cross-Sectional Studies; depresión; depression; Depression - epidemiology; Emotional disorders; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mood disorders; Patient Discharge; Post traumatic stress disorder; Post-COVID syndrome; Post-traumatic growth; Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological; Síndrome post-COVID; trastorno de estrés postraumático; 创伤后应激障碍; 创伤后成长; 抑郁; 焦虑; COVID-19; anxiety; post-traumatic growth; post-traumatic stress disorder; depression; Post-COVID syndrome
• ISSN: 2000-8066; 2000-8066
• DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2022.2095133

Background: Clinical and scientific evidence has shown that a range of long-lasting symptoms can persist in the post-virological period. However, little is known about the psychological sequelae of patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of anxiety-depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and post-traumatic growth among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic 6 months after discharge, and to identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with psychological outcomes. Method: This cross-sectional cohort study enrolled recovered COVID-19 patients during a multidisciplinary follow-up screening. At 6 months post-discharge, participants underwent a remote assessment with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus and completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted. Results: The sample was composed of 100 patients, mainly males (72%), with a mean ± SD age of 58.7 ± 11.8 years. Regarding psychological symptoms, 34% and 24% of patients, respectively, reported anxiety and depression over the clinical threshold, and 20% met the criteria for a possible PTSD diagnosis. Psychological symptoms were associated with the presence of a mood disorder in the patient's clinical history and having received a psychological consultation after discharge. Post-traumatic growth was associated with younger age and having received a psychological consultation after discharge. Conclusions: A high prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms, potentially indicative for a mood or anxiety disorder, and PTSD was confirmed among COVID-19 survivors after 6 months. Anxiety and depressive symptoms and PTSD were associated with a previous diagnosis of a mood disorder and having received psychological consultation. Post-traumatic growth was associated with younger age and having received psychological consultation. Tailored psychological interventions could help to elaborate the psychological suffering and foster post-traumatic growth after a traumatic experience such as COVID-19 hospitalization. A high prevalence of psychological symptoms has been observed among COVID-19 survivors 6 months after hospitalization. Tailored psychological interventions could help to contain the psychological sequelae and facilitate post-traumatic growth.