Machine learning algorithms to predict stroke in China based on causal inference of time series analysis

• Published in: BMC neurology Vol. 25; no. 1; pp. 236 - 12
• Main Authors: Zheng, Qizhi, Zhao, Ayang, Wang, Xinzhu, Bai, Yanhong, Wang, Zikun, Wang, Xiuying, Zeng, Xianzhang, Dong, Guanghui
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BioMed Central 31.05.2025; BioMed Central Ltd; BMC
• Subjects: Aged; Algorithms; Causality; China - epidemiology; Clinical outcomes; Data mining; Disease; Dynamic causal inference; Female; Gradient boosting; Humans; Information management; Learning algorithms; Lifestyles; Longitudinal Studies; Machine Learning; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Medicine, Preventive; Methods; Middle Aged; Neural networks; Neurochemistry; Neurology; Neurosurgery; Preventive health services; Public health; Retrospective Studies; Risk factors; Statistical models; Stroke; Stroke (Disease); Stroke - diagnosis; Stroke - epidemiology; Stroke risk prediction; Time series; Time-series analysis; Trends; Variables; China; Dynamic causal inference; Stroke risk prediction; Machine learning; Gradient boosting
• ISSN: 1471-2377; 1471-2377
• DOI: 10.1186/s12883-025-04261-x

Importance Identifying and managing high-risk populations for stroke in a targeted manner is a key area of preventive healthcare. Objective To assess machine learning (ML) models and causal inference of time series analysis for predicting stroke clinically meaningful model. Design This is a retrospective cohort study and data is from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) assessed 11,789 adults in China from 2011 to 2018. Data analysis was performed from June 1 to December 1, 2024. Setting CHARLS adopts a multi-stage probability sampling method, covering samples from 28 provinces, and collects data every two years through computer-aided personal interviews (CAPI). Participants This study employed a combination of Vector Autoregression (VAR) model and Graph Neural Networks (GNN) to systematically construct dynamic causal inference. Multiple classic classification algorithms were compared, including Random Forest, Logistic Regression, XGBoost, Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Gradient Boosting, and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP). The Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) algorithm was used to undersample a small number of samples and employed Stratified K-fold Cross Validation. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s) AUC (Area Under the Curve), Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1 Score, and Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC). Results This study included a total of 11,789 participants, including 6,334 females (53.73%) and 5,455 males (46.27%), with an average age of 65 years. Introduction of dynamic causal inference features has significantly improved the performance of almost all models. The area under the ROC curve of each model ranged from 0.78 to 0.83, indicating significant difference ( P  < 0.01). Among all the models, the Gradient Boosting model demonstrated the highest performance and stability. Model explanation and feature importance analysis generated model interpretation that illustrated significant contributors associated with risks of stroke. Conclusions and Relevance This study proposes a stroke risk prediction method that combines dynamic causal inference with machine learning models, significantly improving prediction accuracy and revealing key health factors that affect stroke. The research results indicate that dynamic causal inference features have important value in predicting stroke risk, especially in capturing the impact of changes in health status over time on stroke risk. By further optimizing the model and introducing more variables, this study provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for future stroke prevention and intervention strategies. Trial registration IRB00001052-11015.1.2.