The protein translation machinery is expressed for maximal efficiency in Escherichia coli

• Published in: Nature communications Vol. 11; no. 1; pp. 5260 - 10
• Main Authors: Hu, Xiao-Pan, Dourado, Hugo, Schubert, Peter, Lercher, Martin J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 16.10.2020; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 631/114/2397; 631/553/2710; 631/57/2266; Humanities and Social Sciences; multidisciplinary; Science; Science (multidisciplinary)
• ISSN: 2041-1723; 2041-1723
• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18948-x

Protein synthesis is the most expensive process in fast-growing bacteria. Experimentally observed growth rate dependencies of the translation machinery form the basis of powerful phenomenological growth laws; however, a quantitative theory on the basis of biochemical and biophysical constraints is lacking. Here, we show that the growth rate-dependence of the concentrations of ribosomes, tRNAs, mRNA, and elongation factors observed in Escherichia coli can be predicted accurately from a minimization of cellular costs in a mechanistic model of protein translation. The model is constrained only by the physicochemical properties of the molecules and has no adjustable parameters. The costs of individual components (made of protein and RNA parts) can be approximated through molecular masses, which correlate strongly with alternative cost measures such as the molecules’ carbon content or the requirement of energy or enzymes for their biosynthesis. Analogous cost minimization approaches may facilitate similar quantitative insights also for other cellular subsystems. The protein translation machinery is the most expensive cellular subsystem in fast growing bacteria. Providing a detailed mechanistic model for this complex system, the authors show that the translation machinery components are expressed such that their combined cost to the cell is minimal.