Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance reference values (“normal values”) in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: 2025 update

• Published in: Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance Vol. 27; no. 1; p. 101853
• Main Authors: Kawel-Boehm, Nadine, Hetzel, Scott J., Ambale-Venkatesh, Bharath, Captur, Gabriella, Chin, Calvin W.L., François, Christopher J., Jerosch-Herold, Michael, Luu, Judy M., Raisi-Estabragh, Zahra, Starekova, Jitka, Taylor, Michael, van Hout, Max, Bluemke, David A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Inc 2025; Elsevier
• Subjects: Adult; Cardiovascular; Cardiovascular Diseases - diagnostic imaging; Cardiovascular Diseases - physiopathology; Cardiovascular magnetic resonance; Female; Heart Diseases - diagnostic imaging; Heart Diseases - physiopathology; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - standards; Male; Middle Aged; Normal values; Predictive Value of Tests; Radiology/Diagnostic Imaging; Reference range; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Review; LL; RAO; TVAD; EDD; FFD; MOLLI; bSSFP; LV; BSA; venc; EnIGMA; GraSE; EDV; 2ch; UL; 4ch; SHIP; MDT; EF; SDS; MVAD; CMR; TOF; IQR; FLASH; PRESS; PWV; AMBITYON; RA; TGA; VISTA; AV; IVC; GRE; LPA; MRA; FD; SVC; MESA; RPA; RV; Cardiovascular magnetic resonance; NS; SAX; FS; M; Reference range; FT; SASHA; FSPGR; MRS; FHS; MBF; Q; SD; min; SCMR; T; HARP; ESD; 3ch; GBCA; MEFSE; CAHHM; SV; max; CI; HCHS; ESV; CO; ShMOLLI; n; E/A ratio; PA; TE; Normal values; CV; LMS; LA; CMR-LAC; ECV; NEO; LAO; HASTE; TR; MPA; pulmonary artery; magnetic resonance spectroscopy; end-diastolic diameter; volume isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition; upper limit; Multi-Ethnic Study in Atherosclerosis; field strength; echo time; left ventricular; harmonic phase; ratio of the mitral early (E) and atrial (A) components of the mitral inflow velocity profile; quartile; repetition time; right ventricular; extracellular volume fraction; cardiac index; left atrial; four-chamber view; velocity encoding; Tesla; shortened modified look-locker inversion-recovery; fast spoiled gradient echo sequence; main pulmonary artery; MR-angiography; cardiac output; gradient echo spin echo; myocardial blood flow; point-resolved spectroscopy sequence; end-diastolic volume; early imaging markers of unhealthy lifestyles in adolescents; left anterior oblique view; stroke volumen; fractal dimension; end-systolic volume; cardiovascular magnetic resonance; cardiovascular; Study of Health in Pomerania; Hamburg City Health study; inferior vena cava; superior vena cava; tricuspid valve annulus diameter; end-systolic diameter; not specified; Transposition of the great arteries; right anterior oblique view; Atherosclerosis Monitoring and Biomarker measurements in the Young; mitral valve annulus diameter; Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity; Tetralogy of Fallot; balanced steady-state free precession; two-chamber view; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; standard deviation; feature tracking; mitral deceleration time; ejection fraction; free-form deformation; Lambda Mu Sigma; mass; The Latin-American Multi-Center reference study of CMR; interquartile range; pulse wave velocity; multi-echo fast-spin-echo; modified look-locker inversion-recovery; minimal; Canadian Alliance for Healthy Heart and Minds; standard deviation score; left pulmonary artery; lower limit; gadolinium-based contrast agent; half fourier single-shot turbo spin-echo; Framingham Heart Study; right atrial; fast low-angle shot; maximal; atrioventricular; gradient echo; right pulmonary artery; short-axis view; number of study subjects; three-chamber view; body surface area; saturation recovery single-shot acquisition
• ISSN: 1097-6647; 1532-429X; 1532-429X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.101853

Quantitative assessment of morphological and functional cardiac parameters by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is essential for research and routine clinical practice. Beyond established parameters of chamber size and function, tissue properties such as relaxation times play an increasing role. Normal reference ranges are required for interpretation of results obtained by quantitative CMR. Since the last publication of the “normal values review” in 2020 many new publications related to CMR reference values have been published, which were integrated in this update. The larger sample size provides greater statistical confidence in the estimates of upper and lower limits, and enables further partitioning, e.g., by age and ethnicity for several parameters. Previous topics were expanded by new sections. [Display omitted]