Prevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Healthy Population, Livestock and Ticks in Kosovo

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 9; no. 11; p. e110982
• Main Authors: Fajs, Luka, Humolli, Isme, Saksida, Ana, Knap, Nataša, Jelovšek, Mateja, Korva, Miša, Dedushaj, Isuf, Avšič-Županc, Tatjana
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 13.11.2014; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Animals; Antibodies; Antibodies, Viral - blood; Antibodies, Viral - immunology; Arachnids; Base Sequence; Biology and life sciences; Cattle; Chickens; Chickens - virology; Crimean hemorrhagic fever; Disease; DNA - genetics; Epidemics; Fatalities; Female; Fever; Goats - virology; Hemorrhage; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo - classification; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo - genetics; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo - immunology; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - epidemiology; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - veterinary; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean - virology; Humans; Immunoglobulin G - blood; Immunology; Infections; Kosovo - epidemiology; Livestock; Livestock - immunology; Livestock - virology; Male; Medical ethics; Medicine; Medicine and health sciences; Middle Aged; Mortality; Municipalities; Population; Poultry Diseases - virology; Prevalence; Public health; Ribonucleic acid; RNA; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Serology; Sheep; Sheep - virology; Studies; Tick-Borne Diseases - transmission; Ticks; Ticks - virology; Vectors (Biology); Viruses; Young Adult; Zoonoses; Kosovo; Europe; Slovenia
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110982

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute, tick borne disease often associated with hemorrhagic presentations and high case fatality rate. Kosovo is a highly endemic area for CCHF, with a significant case fatality rate. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of CCHF in Kosovo. We tested 1105 serum samples from healthy population in both endemic and non-endemic areas in the country. Our results revealed a seroprevalence of 4.0% (range 0-9.3%) which is comparable to the seroprevalence in other countries. We show that seroprevalence is correlated to the disease incidence in each studied municipality. We also tested 401 animal sera (353 cow, 30 sheep, 10 goat and 8 chicken) in four endemic municipalities in Kosovo. We detected specific antibodies in all animals except in chicken. Seroprevalence in cows is comparable to other endemic areas and correlates to the seroprevalence in humans. No CCHF RNA could be detected in 105 tick samples obtained in 2012 and 2013. Sequencing of CCHFV positive ticks from 2001 revealed that the virus is most closely related to viral strains that were detected in CCHF patients from Kosovo. Results suggest that mild CCHF cases are most probably underdiagnosed and consequently that the burden of disease is higher than reported. Our study provides key information for CCHF surveillance and raises awareness for possible imported cases in CCHF non-endemic countries.