Assessing the sustainability of acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment in South Africa

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 635; pp. 793 - 802
• Main Authors: Masindi, Vhahangwele, Chatzisymeon, Efthalia, Kortidis, Ioannis, Foteinis, Spyros
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.09.2018
• Subjects: acid mine drainage; Acid rock drainage (ARD); carbon dioxide; coal; cost effectiveness; ecological footprint; economic development; energy; Hazardous wastes; humans; life cycle assessment; life cycle costing; liquids; magnesite; Scenario analysis; SimaPro; sludge; solar energy; South Africa; viability; Wastewater treatment; Water management; South Africa; Scenario analysis; Acid rock drainage (ARD); Water management; Hazardous wastes; SimaPro; Wastewater treatment
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.108

The environmental sustainability of acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment at semi-industrial scale is examined by means of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. An integrated process which includes magnesite, lime, soda ash and CO2 bubbling treatment was employed to effectively treat, at semi-industrial scale, AMD originating from a coal mine in South Africa. Economic aspects are also discussed. AMD is a growing problem of emerging concern that cause detrimental effects to the environment and living organisms, including humans, and impose on development, health, access to clean water, thus also affect economic growth and cause social instability. Therefore, sustainable and cost effective treatment methods are required. A life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) revealed the viability of the system, since the levelized cost of AMD treatment can be as low as R112.78/m3 (€7.60/m3 or $9.35/m3). Moreover, due to its versatility, the system can be used both at remote locales, at stand-alone mode (e.g. using solar energy), or can treat AMD at industrial scale, thus substantially improving community resilience at local and national level. In terms of environmental sustainability, 29.6 kg CO2eq are emitted per treated m3 AMD or its environmental footprint amount to 2.96 Pt/m3. South Africa's fossil-fuel depended energy mix and liquid CO2 consumption were the main environmental hotspots. The total environmental footprint is reduced by 45% and 36% by using solar energy and gaseous CO2, respectively. Finally, AMD sludge valorisation, i.e. mineral recovery, can reduce the total environmental footprint by up to 12%. [Display omitted] •Environmental impacts of AMD treatment were assessed by life cycle assessment (LCA).•An integrated active process, i.e. magnesite, lime, soda ash and CO2 treatment, was used.•The process is cost effective, treatment cost as low as R112.78/m3 (€7.60–$9.35/m3).•The high environmental footprint was attributed to electricity and liquid CO2 use•Introduction of solar energy and gaseous CO2 can axe environmental footprint by 81%.•AMD sludge valorisation, i.e. mineral recovery, seems promising but more research is needed.