Cognitive outcomes in late childhood and adolescence of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

• Published in: Clinical and experimental pediatrics Vol. 64; no. 12; pp. 608 - 618
• Main Authors: Lee, Bo Lyun, Glass, Hannah C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Korea (South) Clinical and Experimental Pediatics / Korean Pediatric Society 01.12.2021; Korean Pediatric Society; The Korean Pediatric Society; 대한소아청소년과학회
• Subjects: Age; Behavior; brain magnetic resonance imaging; Cerebral palsy; Child development; cognition; Cognitive ability; Convulsions & seizures; Executive function; Hypothermia; Hypoxia; hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; Intellectual disabilities; Ischemia; Learning disabilities; Magnetic resonance imaging; Memory; neonatal encephalopathy; Neuropsychology; outcomes; Peers; Review; Teenagers; Traumatic brain injury; 소아과학; Neonatal encephalopathy; Cognition; Brain magnetic resonance imaging; Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; Outcomes
• ISSN: 2713-4148; 2713-4148
• DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.00164

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the most common cause of neonatal encephalopathy with a global incidence of approximately 1 to 8 per 1,000 live births. Neonatal encephalopathy can cause neurodevelopmental and cognitive impairments in survivors of hypoxic-ischemic insults with and without functional motor deficits. Normal neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood do not preclude cognitive and behavioral difficulties in late childhood and adolescence because cognitive functions are not yet fully developed at this early age. Therapeutic hypothermia has been shown to significantly reduced death and severe disabilities in term newborns with HIE. However, children treated with hypothermia therapy remain at risk for cognitive impairments and follow-up is necessary throughout late childhood and adolescence. Novel adjunctive neuroprotective therapies combined with therapeutic hypothermia may enhance the survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants with HIE. The extent and severity of brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging might predict neurodevelopmental outcomes and lead to targeted interven tions in children with a history of neonatal encephalopathy. We provide a summary of the long-term cognitive outcomes in late childhood and adolescence in children with a history of HIE and the association between pattern of brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcomes.