The effects of hypothermia on glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism during ischemia in monkeys: a repeated-measures ANOVA study
During an ischemic stroke, the brain releases various factors, including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid. Glutamate can cause neurotoxic effects through certain receptors and exacerbate neurological damage, while γ-aminobutyric acid as an inhibitory neurotransmitter can antagonize the excitotoxic...
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| Published in | Scientific reports Vol. 12; no. 1; pp. 14470 - 12 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
25.08.2022
Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2045-2322 2045-2322 |
| DOI | 10.1038/s41598-022-18783-8 |
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| Abstract | During an ischemic stroke, the brain releases various factors, including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid. Glutamate can cause neurotoxic effects through certain receptors and exacerbate neurological damage, while γ-aminobutyric acid as an inhibitory neurotransmitter can antagonize the excitotoxic effects of glutamate and enhance the tolerance of neurons to ischemia. Therefore, in this study, the content of amino acid neurotransmitters in brain tissue before ischemia, after 10 min of ischemia, hypothermic perfusion, and rewarming were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV in an animal model of ischemic stroke generated by blocking the bilateral common carotid arteries of rhesus monkeys. The changes in amino acid neurotransmitters in the rhesus monkey brain during post-ischemia hypothermic perfusion and rewarming were investigated by statistical methods of repeated measures ANOVA, showing that the concentration change of glutamate had not only a temporal factor but also was influenced by temperature, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Time but not temperature affected the change in γ-aminobutyric acid concentration, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Accordingly, hypoperfusion exerts a protective effect during ischemia by inhibiting the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, while the antagonistic effect of GABA on Glu is not significant. |
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| AbstractList | During an ischemic stroke, the brain releases various factors, including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid. Glutamate can cause neurotoxic effects through certain receptors and exacerbate neurological damage, while γ-aminobutyric acid as an inhibitory neurotransmitter can antagonize the excitotoxic effects of glutamate and enhance the tolerance of neurons to ischemia. Therefore, in this study, the content of amino acid neurotransmitters in brain tissue before ischemia, after 10 min of ischemia, hypothermic perfusion, and rewarming were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV in an animal model of ischemic stroke generated by blocking the bilateral common carotid arteries of rhesus monkeys. The changes in amino acid neurotransmitters in the rhesus monkey brain during post-ischemia hypothermic perfusion and rewarming were investigated by statistical methods of repeated measures ANOVA, showing that the concentration change of glutamate had not only a temporal factor but also was influenced by temperature, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Time but not temperature affected the change in γ-aminobutyric acid concentration, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Accordingly, hypoperfusion exerts a protective effect during ischemia by inhibiting the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, while the antagonistic effect of GABA on Glu is not significant. During an ischemic stroke, the brain releases various factors, including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid. Glutamate can cause neurotoxic effects through certain receptors and exacerbate neurological damage, while γ-aminobutyric acid as an inhibitory neurotransmitter can antagonize the excitotoxic effects of glutamate and enhance the tolerance of neurons to ischemia. Therefore, in this study, the content of amino acid neurotransmitters in brain tissue before ischemia, after 10 min of ischemia, hypothermic perfusion, and rewarming were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV in an animal model of ischemic stroke generated by blocking the bilateral common carotid arteries of rhesus monkeys. The changes in amino acid neurotransmitters in the rhesus monkey brain during post-ischemia hypothermic perfusion and rewarming were investigated by statistical methods of repeated measures ANOVA, showing that the concentration change of glutamate had not only a temporal factor but also was influenced by temperature, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Time but not temperature affected the change in γ-aminobutyric acid concentration, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Accordingly, hypoperfusion exerts a protective effect during ischemia by inhibiting the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, while the antagonistic effect of GABA on Glu is not significant. Abstract During an ischemic stroke, the brain releases various factors, including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid. Glutamate can cause neurotoxic effects through certain receptors and exacerbate neurological damage, while γ-aminobutyric acid as an inhibitory neurotransmitter can antagonize the excitotoxic effects of glutamate and enhance the tolerance of neurons to ischemia. Therefore, in this study, the content of amino acid neurotransmitters in brain tissue before ischemia, after 10 min of ischemia, hypothermic perfusion, and rewarming were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV in an animal model of ischemic stroke generated by blocking the bilateral common carotid arteries of rhesus monkeys. The changes in amino acid neurotransmitters in the rhesus monkey brain during post-ischemia hypothermic perfusion and rewarming were investigated by statistical methods of repeated measures ANOVA, showing that the concentration change of glutamate had not only a temporal factor but also was influenced by temperature, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Time but not temperature affected the change in γ-aminobutyric acid concentration, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Accordingly, hypoperfusion exerts a protective effect during ischemia by inhibiting the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, while the antagonistic effect of GABA on Glu is not significant. During an ischemic stroke, the brain releases various factors, including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid. Glutamate can cause neurotoxic effects through certain receptors and exacerbate neurological damage, while γ-aminobutyric acid as an inhibitory neurotransmitter can antagonize the excitotoxic effects of glutamate and enhance the tolerance of neurons to ischemia. Therefore, in this study, the content of amino acid neurotransmitters in brain tissue before ischemia, after 10 min of ischemia, hypothermic perfusion, and rewarming were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV in an animal model of ischemic stroke generated by blocking the bilateral common carotid arteries of rhesus monkeys. The changes in amino acid neurotransmitters in the rhesus monkey brain during post-ischemia hypothermic perfusion and rewarming were investigated by statistical methods of repeated measures ANOVA, showing that the concentration change of glutamate had not only a temporal factor but also was influenced by temperature, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Time but not temperature affected the change in γ-aminobutyric acid concentration, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Accordingly, hypoperfusion exerts a protective effect during ischemia by inhibiting the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, while the antagonistic effect of GABA on Glu is not significant.During an ischemic stroke, the brain releases various factors, including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid. Glutamate can cause neurotoxic effects through certain receptors and exacerbate neurological damage, while γ-aminobutyric acid as an inhibitory neurotransmitter can antagonize the excitotoxic effects of glutamate and enhance the tolerance of neurons to ischemia. Therefore, in this study, the content of amino acid neurotransmitters in brain tissue before ischemia, after 10 min of ischemia, hypothermic perfusion, and rewarming were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV in an animal model of ischemic stroke generated by blocking the bilateral common carotid arteries of rhesus monkeys. The changes in amino acid neurotransmitters in the rhesus monkey brain during post-ischemia hypothermic perfusion and rewarming were investigated by statistical methods of repeated measures ANOVA, showing that the concentration change of glutamate had not only a temporal factor but also was influenced by temperature, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Time but not temperature affected the change in γ-aminobutyric acid concentration, and there was an interaction effect between the two. Accordingly, hypoperfusion exerts a protective effect during ischemia by inhibiting the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, while the antagonistic effect of GABA on Glu is not significant. |
| ArticleNumber | 14470 |
| Author | Liu, Bo-hu Li, Ze-qi Zhang, Xiao-ran Pu, Jun |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Bo-hu surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Bo-hu organization: Calmette Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University – sequence: 2 givenname: Jun surname: Pu fullname: Pu, Jun organization: The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University – sequence: 3 givenname: Ze-qi surname: Li fullname: Li, Ze-qi organization: Calmette Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University – sequence: 4 givenname: Xiao-ran surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Xiao-ran email: lzqandflower@163.com organization: The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_4103_NRR_NRR_D_24_00536 crossref_primary_10_2174_0118715273279212240130065713 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_phymed_2024_155881 crossref_primary_10_3346_jkms_2024_39_e79 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neulet_2024_138014 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1007/s10072-011-0828-5 10.1007/s00726-012-1280-4 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.049 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.114 10.1016/S1570-0232(02)01032-2 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.03.003 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.025 10.1590/s0102-865020170060000006 10.1007/s11064-014-1473-1 10.1371/journal.pone.0044191 10.1038/s42003-020-01406-1 10.1016/0165-3806(91)90214-4 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00274.x 10.1126/science.172.3980.294.a 10.1161/01.STR.30.11.2448 10.1093/cercor/bhp181 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.12.015 10.1097/00005072-197101000-00008 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.029 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000256 |
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| Snippet | During an ischemic stroke, the brain releases various factors, including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid. Glutamate can cause neurotoxic effects through... Abstract During an ischemic stroke, the brain releases various factors, including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid. Glutamate can cause neurotoxic effects... |
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| SubjectTerms | 692/617/375/3183 692/617/375/534 Amino acid sequence Amino acids Animal models Carotid artery Excitotoxicity High-performance liquid chromatography Humanities and Social Sciences Hypothermia Ischemia Liquid chromatography multidisciplinary Neurotoxicity Neurotransmitters Perfusion Science Science (multidisciplinary) Statistical methods Stroke Variance analysis Within-subjects design γ-Aminobutyric acid |
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| Title | The effects of hypothermia on glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism during ischemia in monkeys: a repeated-measures ANOVA study |
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