PD-ResNet for Classification of Parkinson's Disease From Gait

• Published in: IEEE journal of translational engineering in health and medicine Vol. 10; pp. 1 - 11
• Main Authors: Yang, Xiaoli, Ye, Qinyong, Cai, Guofa, Wang, Yingqing, Cai, Guoen
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.01.2022; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Accuracy; Algorithms; Classification; Data mining; Deep learning; Disease control; Disease Progression; Diseases; Feature extraction; Gait; Gait motor disorder; Handheld computers; Humans; improved focal loss function; Machine Learning; Medical diagnostic imaging; Parkinson Disease - diagnosis; Parkinson's disease; Parkinson’s disease (PD); PD-ResNet; Polynomials; Recall; Sampling methods; Training; Wearable sensors; improved focal loss function; Parkinson’s disease (PD); Gait motor disorder; PD-ResNet
• ISSN: 2168-2372; 2168-2372
• DOI: 10.1109/JTEHM.2022.3180933

Objective: To develop an objective and efficient method to automatically identify Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy control (HC). Methods: We design a novel model based on residual network (ResNet) architecture, named PD-ResNet, to learn the gait differences between PD and HC and between PD with different severity levels. Specifically, a polynomial elevated dimensions technique is applied to increase the dimensions of the input gait features; then, the processed data is transformed into a 3-dimensional picture as the input of PD-ResNet. The synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE), data augmentation, and early stopping technologies are adopted to improve the generalization ability. To further enhance the classification performance, a new loss function, named improved focal loss function, is developed to focus on the train of PD-ResNet on the hard samples and to discard the abnormal samples. Results: The experiments on the clinical gait dataset show that our proposed model achieves excellent performance with an accuracy of 95.51%, a precision of 94.44%, a recall of 96.59%, a specificity of 94.44%, and an F1-score of 95.50%. Moreover, the accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and F1-score for the classification of early PD and HC are 92.03%, 94.20%, 90.28%, 93.94%, and 92.20%, respectively. Furthermore, the accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and F1-score for the classification of PD with different severity levels are 92.03%, 94.29%, 90.41%, 93.85%, and 92.31%, respectively. Conclusion: Our proposed method shows better performance than the traditional machine learning and deep learning methods. Clinical impact: The experimental results show that the proposed method is clinically meaningful for the objective assessment of gait motor impairment for PD patients.