Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland
Purpose Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intake and status of selected vitamins and minerals among vegetarian and vegan adul...
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| Published in | European journal of nutrition Vol. 56; no. 1; pp. 283 - 293 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Berlin/Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
01.02.2017
Springer Nature B.V |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1436-6207 1436-6215 1435-1293 1436-6215 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s00394-015-1079-7 |
Cover
| Abstract | Purpose
Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intake and status of selected vitamins and minerals among vegetarian and vegan adults living in Switzerland.
Methods
Healthy adults [omnivores (OVs),
n
OV
= 100; vegetarians (VGs),
n
VG
= 53; vegans (VNs),
n
VN
= 53] aged 18–50 years were recruited, and their weight and height were measured. Plasma concentrations of the vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin and β-carotene and of the minerals Fe, Mg and Zn and urinary iodine concentration were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using a three-day weighed food record, and questionnaires were issued in order to assess the physical activity and lifestyle of the subjects.
Results
Omnivores had the lowest intake of Mg, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin and folic acid. Vegans reported low intakes of Ca and a marginal consumption of the vitamins D and B12. The highest prevalence for vitamin and mineral deficiencies in each group was as follows: in the omnivorous group, for folic acid (58 %); in the vegetarian group, for vitamin B6 and niacin (58 and 34 %, respectively); and in the vegan group, for Zn (47 %). Despite negligible dietary vitamin B12 intake in the vegan group, deficiency of this particular vitamin was low in all groups thanks to widespread use of supplements. Prevalence of Fe deficiency was comparable across all diet groups.
Conclusions
Despite substantial differences in intake and deficiency between groups, our results indicate that by consuming a well-balanced diet including supplements or fortified products, all three types of diet can potentially fulfill requirements for vitamin and mineral consumption. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intake and status of selected vitamins and minerals among vegetarian and vegan adults living in Switzerland.PURPOSEVegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intake and status of selected vitamins and minerals among vegetarian and vegan adults living in Switzerland.Healthy adults [omnivores (OVs), n OV = 100; vegetarians (VGs), n VG = 53; vegans (VNs), n VN = 53] aged 18-50 years were recruited, and their weight and height were measured. Plasma concentrations of the vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin and β-carotene and of the minerals Fe, Mg and Zn and urinary iodine concentration were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using a three-day weighed food record, and questionnaires were issued in order to assess the physical activity and lifestyle of the subjects.METHODSHealthy adults [omnivores (OVs), n OV = 100; vegetarians (VGs), n VG = 53; vegans (VNs), n VN = 53] aged 18-50 years were recruited, and their weight and height were measured. Plasma concentrations of the vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin and β-carotene and of the minerals Fe, Mg and Zn and urinary iodine concentration were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using a three-day weighed food record, and questionnaires were issued in order to assess the physical activity and lifestyle of the subjects.Omnivores had the lowest intake of Mg, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin and folic acid. Vegans reported low intakes of Ca and a marginal consumption of the vitamins D and B12. The highest prevalence for vitamin and mineral deficiencies in each group was as follows: in the omnivorous group, for folic acid (58 %); in the vegetarian group, for vitamin B6 and niacin (58 and 34 %, respectively); and in the vegan group, for Zn (47 %). Despite negligible dietary vitamin B12 intake in the vegan group, deficiency of this particular vitamin was low in all groups thanks to widespread use of supplements. Prevalence of Fe deficiency was comparable across all diet groups.RESULTSOmnivores had the lowest intake of Mg, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin and folic acid. Vegans reported low intakes of Ca and a marginal consumption of the vitamins D and B12. The highest prevalence for vitamin and mineral deficiencies in each group was as follows: in the omnivorous group, for folic acid (58 %); in the vegetarian group, for vitamin B6 and niacin (58 and 34 %, respectively); and in the vegan group, for Zn (47 %). Despite negligible dietary vitamin B12 intake in the vegan group, deficiency of this particular vitamin was low in all groups thanks to widespread use of supplements. Prevalence of Fe deficiency was comparable across all diet groups.Despite substantial differences in intake and deficiency between groups, our results indicate that by consuming a well-balanced diet including supplements or fortified products, all three types of diet can potentially fulfill requirements for vitamin and mineral consumption.CONCLUSIONSDespite substantial differences in intake and deficiency between groups, our results indicate that by consuming a well-balanced diet including supplements or fortified products, all three types of diet can potentially fulfill requirements for vitamin and mineral consumption. Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intake and status of selected vitamins and minerals among vegetarian and vegan adults living in Switzerland. Healthy adults [omnivores (OVs), n = 100; vegetarians (VGs), n = 53; vegans (VNs), n = 53] aged 18-50 years were recruited, and their weight and height were measured. Plasma concentrations of the vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin and β-carotene and of the minerals Fe, Mg and Zn and urinary iodine concentration were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using a three-day weighed food record, and questionnaires were issued in order to assess the physical activity and lifestyle of the subjects. Omnivores had the lowest intake of Mg, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin and folic acid. Vegans reported low intakes of Ca and a marginal consumption of the vitamins D and B12. The highest prevalence for vitamin and mineral deficiencies in each group was as follows: in the omnivorous group, for folic acid (58 %); in the vegetarian group, for vitamin B6 and niacin (58 and 34 %, respectively); and in the vegan group, for Zn (47 %). Despite negligible dietary vitamin B12 intake in the vegan group, deficiency of this particular vitamin was low in all groups thanks to widespread use of supplements. Prevalence of Fe deficiency was comparable across all diet groups. Despite substantial differences in intake and deficiency between groups, our results indicate that by consuming a well-balanced diet including supplements or fortified products, all three types of diet can potentially fulfill requirements for vitamin and mineral consumption. Purpose Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intake and status of selected vitamins and minerals among vegetarian and vegan adults living in Switzerland. Methods Healthy adults [omnivores (OVs), n OV = 100; vegetarians (VGs), n VG = 53; vegans (VNs), n VN = 53] aged 18–50 years were recruited, and their weight and height were measured. Plasma concentrations of the vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin and β-carotene and of the minerals Fe, Mg and Zn and urinary iodine concentration were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using a three-day weighed food record, and questionnaires were issued in order to assess the physical activity and lifestyle of the subjects. Results Omnivores had the lowest intake of Mg, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin and folic acid. Vegans reported low intakes of Ca and a marginal consumption of the vitamins D and B12. The highest prevalence for vitamin and mineral deficiencies in each group was as follows: in the omnivorous group, for folic acid (58 %); in the vegetarian group, for vitamin B6 and niacin (58 and 34 %, respectively); and in the vegan group, for Zn (47 %). Despite negligible dietary vitamin B12 intake in the vegan group, deficiency of this particular vitamin was low in all groups thanks to widespread use of supplements. Prevalence of Fe deficiency was comparable across all diet groups. Conclusions Despite substantial differences in intake and deficiency between groups, our results indicate that by consuming a well-balanced diet including supplements or fortified products, all three types of diet can potentially fulfill requirements for vitamin and mineral consumption. PURPOSE: Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intake and status of selected vitamins and minerals among vegetarian and vegan adults living in Switzerland. METHODS: Healthy adults [omnivores (OVs), n OV = 100; vegetarians (VGs), n VG = 53; vegans (VNs), n VN = 53] aged 18–50 years were recruited, and their weight and height were measured. Plasma concentrations of the vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin and β-carotene and of the minerals Fe, Mg and Zn and urinary iodine concentration were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using a three-day weighed food record, and questionnaires were issued in order to assess the physical activity and lifestyle of the subjects. RESULTS: Omnivores had the lowest intake of Mg, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin and folic acid. Vegans reported low intakes of Ca and a marginal consumption of the vitamins D and B12. The highest prevalence for vitamin and mineral deficiencies in each group was as follows: in the omnivorous group, for folic acid (58 %); in the vegetarian group, for vitamin B6 and niacin (58 and 34 %, respectively); and in the vegan group, for Zn (47 %). Despite negligible dietary vitamin B12 intake in the vegan group, deficiency of this particular vitamin was low in all groups thanks to widespread use of supplements. Prevalence of Fe deficiency was comparable across all diet groups. CONCLUSIONS: Despite substantial differences in intake and deficiency between groups, our results indicate that by consuming a well-balanced diet including supplements or fortified products, all three types of diet can potentially fulfill requirements for vitamin and mineral consumption. Purpose Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intake and status of selected vitamins and minerals among vegetarian and vegan adults living in Switzerland. Methods Healthy adults [omnivores (OVs), n OV = 100; vegetarians (VGs), n VG = 53; vegans (VNs), n VN = 53] aged 18-50 years were recruited, and their weight and height were measured. Plasma concentrations of the vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin and [beta]-carotene and of the minerals Fe, Mg and Zn and urinary iodine concentration were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using a three-day weighed food record, and questionnaires were issued in order to assess the physical activity and lifestyle of the subjects. Results Omnivores had the lowest intake of Mg, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin and folic acid. Vegans reported low intakes of Ca and a marginal consumption of the vitamins D and B12. The highest prevalence for vitamin and mineral deficiencies in each group was as follows: in the omnivorous group, for folic acid (58 %); in the vegetarian group, for vitamin B6 and niacin (58 and 34 %, respectively); and in the vegan group, for Zn (47 %). Despite negligible dietary vitamin B12 intake in the vegan group, deficiency of this particular vitamin was low in all groups thanks to widespread use of supplements. Prevalence of Fe deficiency was comparable across all diet groups. Conclusions Despite substantial differences in intake and deficiency between groups, our results indicate that by consuming a well-balanced diet including supplements or fortified products, all three types of diet can potentially fulfill requirements for vitamin and mineral consumption. Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intake and status of selected vitamins and minerals among vegetarian and vegan adults living in Switzerland. Healthy adults [omnivores (OVs), n sub(OV) = 100; vegetarians (VGs), n sub(VG) = 53; vegans (VNs), n sub(VN) = 53] aged 18-50 years were recruited, and their weight and height were measured. Plasma concentrations of the vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin and beta -carotene and of the minerals Fe, Mg and Zn and urinary iodine concentration were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using a three-day weighed food record, and questionnaires were issued in order to assess the physical activity and lifestyle of the subjects. Omnivores had the lowest intake of Mg, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin and folic acid. Vegans reported low intakes of Ca and a marginal consumption of the vitamins D and B12. The highest prevalence for vitamin and mineral deficiencies in each group was as follows: in the omnivorous group, for folic acid (58 %); in the vegetarian group, for vitamin B6 and niacin (58 and 34 %, respectively); and in the vegan group, for Zn (47 %). Despite negligible dietary vitamin B12 intake in the vegan group, deficiency of this particular vitamin was low in all groups thanks to widespread use of supplements. Prevalence of Fe deficiency was comparable across all diet groups. Despite substantial differences in intake and deficiency between groups, our results indicate that by consuming a well-balanced diet including supplements or fortified products, all three types of diet can potentially fulfill requirements for vitamin and mineral consumption. |
| Author | Schüpbach, R. Berguerand, C. Herter-Aeberli, I. Bui, M. Wegmüller, R. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: R. surname: Schüpbach fullname: Schüpbach, R. organization: Human Nutrition Laboratory, ETH Zurich – sequence: 2 givenname: R. surname: Wegmüller fullname: Wegmüller, R. organization: Human Nutrition Laboratory, ETH Zurich, International Group, MRC Keneba – sequence: 3 givenname: C. surname: Berguerand fullname: Berguerand, C. organization: Swiss Vitamin Institute – sequence: 4 givenname: M. surname: Bui fullname: Bui, M. organization: Swiss Vitamin Institute – sequence: 5 givenname: I. surname: Herter-Aeberli fullname: Herter-Aeberli, I. email: isabelle.herter@hest.ethz.ch organization: Human Nutrition Laboratory, ETH Zurich |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26502280$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 European Journal of Nutrition is a copyright of Springer, 2017. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 – notice: European Journal of Nutrition is a copyright of Springer, 2017. |
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| DOI | 10.1007/s00394-015-1079-7 |
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Vitamin D—the key facts. 2012 (cited 2014 26 November 2014). http://www.blv.admin.ch/themen/04679/05065/05104/index.html?lang=en&download=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCFfYB9fmym162epYbg2c_JjKbNoKSn6A BuiMHDietary vitamin C intake and concentrations in the body fluids and cells of male smokers and nonsmokersJ Nutr199212223123161:CAS:528:DyaK38XhtVCqsL8%3D TrumboPDietary reference intakes Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and ZincJ Am Diet Assoc200110132943011:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7mvVCksw%3D%3D10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00078-5 FineKIntestinal absorption of magnesium from food and supplementsJ Clin Invest19918823961:CAS:528:DyaK3MXlsFOltb0%3D10.1172/JCI115317 HaddadEDietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetariansAm J Clin Nutr1999703586S593S1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtVais7s%3D LarssonCJohanssonGDietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in SwedenAm J Clin Nutr20027611001061:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XltVyhurs%3D KellerRDer Tabakkonsum der Schweizer Wohnbevölkerung in den Jahren 2001 bis 20092010Sozial-und GesundheitspsychologieUniversität Zürich-Psychologisches Institut EsmaillzadehAFruit and vegetable intakes, C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndromeAm J Clin Nutr200684148914971:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlGrurnK WeaverCMErdmanJWMacdonaldIAZeiselSHCalciumPresent knowledge in nutrition2012WashingtonILSI International Life Sciences Institute HerrmannWVitamin B-12 status, particularly holotranscobalamin II and methylmalonic acid concentrations, and hyperhomocysteinemia in vegetariansAm J Clin Nutr20037811311361:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltFantbY%3D SrikumarTÖckermanPÅkessonBTrace element status in vegetarians from Southern IndiaNutr Res19921221871981:CAS:528:DyaK38XksVOhu7c%3D10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80725-0 WalterPBaerlocherKEichholzerMVegetarismus in der SchweizFünfter Schweizerischer Ernährungsbericht2005BernBundesamt für Gesundheit321340 KeyTCancer incidence in British vegetariansBr J Cancer200910111921971:STN:280:DC%2BD1MvlsVynuw%3D%3D10.1038/sj.bjc.6605098 RaumaAMykkänenHAntioxidant status in vegetarians versus omnivoresNutrition20001621111191:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhtFalurc%3D10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00267-1 RemerTNeubertAManzFIncreased risk of iodine deficiency with vegetarian nutritionBr J Nutr19998145501:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhsFOlu7c%3D10.1017/S0007114599000136 RudeRMagnesium deficiency: a cause of heterogenous disease in humansJ Bone Miner Res19981347497581:STN:280:DyaK1c3hsFelsw%3D%3D10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.4.749 LiDSelected micronutrient intake and status in men with differing meat intakes, vegetarians and vegansAsia Pac J Clin Nutr20009118231:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhs1Oksr8%3D10.1046/j.1440-6047.2000.00129.x Exl-Preysch BM, Mühlemann P (2001) Nutri-Trend-Studie 2000 der Nestlé Suisse SA mit Unterstützung durch das Bundesamt für Gesundheit. Vevey, Bern Krajčovičová-KudláčkováMIodine deficiency in vegetarians and vegansAnn Nutr Metab200347518318510.1159/000070483 KönigFTen repeat collections for urinary iodine from spot samples or 24-hour samples are needed to reliably estimate individual iodine status in womenJ Nutr2011141112049205410.3945/jn.111.144071 NormanAWHenryHLErdmanJWMacdonaldIAZeiselSHVitamin DPresent knowledge in nutrition2012WashingtonILSI International Life Sciences Institute BfS. Schweizerische Gesundheitsbefragung (SGB). 2012 (cited 26 November 2014). http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/erhebungen__quellen/blank/blank/ess/04.html WalterPGesundheitliche Vor- und Nachteile einer vegetarischen Ernährung. Bericht der Arbeitsgruppe ‘Vegetarische Ernährung’ der Eidgenössischen Ernährungskommission2005Bundesamt für GesundheitBern HuntJBioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian dietsAm J Clin Nutr2003783633639 Krajčovičová-KudláčkováMSelected vitamins and trace elements in blood of vegetariansAnn Nutr Metab199539633433910.1159/000177882 Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (not dated) Schweizerische Nährwertdatenbank. http://www.naehrwertdaten.ch Accessed 14 May 2012 IOMDietary reference intakes—DRI2006WashingtonInstitute of Medicine HerrmannWTotal homocysteine, vitamin B12, and total antioxidant status in vegetariansClin Chem2001476109411011:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktFels7w%3D SpencerEDiet and body mass index in 38,000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegansInt J Obes20032767287341:STN:280:DC%2BD3szgsValuw%3D%3D10.1038/sj.ijo.0802300 BedfordJBarrSDiets and selected lifestyle practices of self-defined adult vegetarians from a population-based sample suggest they are more ‘health conscious’Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act20052410.1186/1479-5868-2-4 DevaliaVGuidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cobalamin and folate disordersBr J Haematol201416644965131:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXht1egsLnO10.1111/bjh.12959 PinoSFangSBravermanLAmmonium persulfate: a safe alternative oxidizing reagent for measuring urinary iodineClin Chem19964222392431:CAS:528:DyaK28XhtFahtro%3D PawlakRLesterSEBabatundeTThe prevalence of cobalamin deficiency among vegetarians assessed by serum vitamin B12: a review of literatureEur J Clin Nutr20146855415481:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXltVWjtrg%3D10.1038/ejcn.2014.46 WatanabeFBiologically active Vitamin B-12 compounds in foods for preventing deficiency among vegetarians and elderly subjectsJ Agric Food Chem20136128676967751:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXps1yhsrY%3D10.1021/jf401545z CarmelRDiagnosis and management of clinical and subclinical cobalamin deficiencies: Why controversies persist in the age of sensitive metabolic testingBiochimie2013955104710551:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjsFynurw%3D10.1016/j.biochi.2013.02.008 HerrmannWGeiselJVegetarian lifestyle and monitoring of vitamin B-12 statusClin Chim Acta20023261–247591:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XosFertr0%3D10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00307-8 GoldbergGCritical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 1. Derivation of cut-off limits to identify under-recordingEur J Clin Nutr199145125691:STN:280:DyaK383ktFamsA%3D%3D HaldimannMIodine content of food groupsJ Food Compos Anal20051864614711:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsVOjsL4%3D10.1016/j.jfca.2004.06.003 BuiMHA microbiological assay on microtitre plates of thiamine in biological fluids and foodsInternational journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition19996953623661:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXksFCmsLs%3D10.1024/0300-9831.69.5.362 JanelleKBarrSNutrient intakes and eating behavior see of vegetarian and nonvegetarian womenJ Am Diet Assoc19959521801891:STN:280:DyaK2M7lsFOhtw%3D%3D10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00045-3 K Janelle (1079_CR18) 1995; 95 T Bohn (1079_CR49) 2003 AW Norman (1079_CR44) 2012 A Rauma (1079_CR36) 2000; 16 G Fraser (1079_CR10) 2009; 89 M Haldimann (1079_CR27) 2005; 18 1079_CR45 W Herrmann (1079_CR50) 2001; 47 E Spencer (1079_CR8) 2003; 27 P Appleby (1079_CR7) 1999; 70 F Watanabe (1079_CR40) 2013; 61 E Haddad (1079_CR33) 1999; 70 H Biesalski (1079_CR34) 2005 MH Bui (1079_CR14) 1999; 69 J Hunt (1079_CR23) 2003; 78 R Keller (1079_CR54) 2010 IOM (1079_CR55) 2006 MH Bui (1079_CR13) 1993; 654 V Devalia (1079_CR42) 2014; 166 1079_CR31 K Fine (1079_CR48) 1991; 88 A Esmaillzadeh (1079_CR11) 2006; 84 RR Holt (1079_CR22) 2012 J Bedford (1079_CR6) 2005; 2 M Krajčovičová-Kudláčková (1079_CR21) 1995; 39 W Herrmann (1079_CR39) 2003; 78 M Krajčovičová-Kudláčková (1079_CR25) 2003; 47 1079_CR3 1079_CR2 D Li (1079_CR20) 2000; 9 PJ Aggett (1079_CR19) 2012 R Carmel (1079_CR43) 2013; 95 1079_CR29 Y Huang (1079_CR37) 2003; 42 D Majchrzak (1079_CR38) 2006; 50 A Waldmann (1079_CR53) 2003; 57 G Goldberg (1079_CR16) 1991; 45 T Key (1079_CR52) 2009; 101 P Appleby (1079_CR9) 2002; 5 T Remer (1079_CR26) 1999; 81 R Pawlak (1079_CR41) 2014; 68 S Pino (1079_CR15) 1996; 42 P Walter (1079_CR1) 2005 MH Bui (1079_CR12) 1992; 122 W Herrmann (1079_CR51) 2002; 326 T Srikumar (1079_CR46) 1992; 12 CM Weaver (1079_CR30) 2012 R Rude (1079_CR47) 1998; 13 G Davey (1079_CR5) 2003; 6 F König (1079_CR24) 2011; 141 C Larsson (1079_CR28) 2002; 76 P Trumbo (1079_CR32) 2001; 101 1079_CR17 M Krajčovičová-Kudláčková (1079_CR35) 1996; 40 P Walter (1079_CR4) 2005 |
| References_xml | – reference: BfS. 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Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not... Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been... Purpose Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not... PURPOSE: Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not... |
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| Title | Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland |
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