Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland

• Published in: European journal of nutrition Vol. 56; no. 1; pp. 283 - 293
• Main Authors: Schüpbach, R., Wegmüller, R., Berguerand, C., Bui, M., Herter-Aeberli, I.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.02.2017; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; adults; ascorbic acid; beta-carotene; biotin; calcium; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet, Vegan; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Supplements; Exercise; Female; folic acid; food intake; food records; Humans; iodine; iron; lifestyle; magnesium; Male; Micronutrients - administration & dosage; Micronutrients - blood; Micronutrients - deficiency; Middle Aged; minerals; niacin; nutrient deficiencies; Nutrition; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Requirements; Nutritional Status; omnivores; Original Contribution; pantothenic acid; physical activity; pyridoxine; questionnaires; Surveys and Questionnaires; Switzerland; vegan diet; Vegans; Vegetarians; vitamin A; vitamin B12; vitamin D; vitamin E; Vitamins - administration & dosage; Vitamins - blood; Young Adult; zinc; Switzerland; Dietary intake; Minerals; Vegetarian; Vegan; Vitamins; Micronutrient status
• ISSN: 1436-6207; 1436-6215; 1435-1293; 1436-6215
• DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1079-7

Purpose Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Switzerland. The nutritional status of individuals who have adopted such diets, however, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the intake and status of selected vitamins and minerals among vegetarian and vegan adults living in Switzerland. Methods Healthy adults [omnivores (OVs), n OV  = 100; vegetarians (VGs), n VG  = 53; vegans (VNs), n VN  = 53] aged 18–50 years were recruited, and their weight and height were measured. Plasma concentrations of the vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin and β-carotene and of the minerals Fe, Mg and Zn and urinary iodine concentration were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using a three-day weighed food record, and questionnaires were issued in order to assess the physical activity and lifestyle of the subjects. Results Omnivores had the lowest intake of Mg, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin and folic acid. Vegans reported low intakes of Ca and a marginal consumption of the vitamins D and B12. The highest prevalence for vitamin and mineral deficiencies in each group was as follows: in the omnivorous group, for folic acid (58 %); in the vegetarian group, for vitamin B6 and niacin (58 and 34 %, respectively); and in the vegan group, for Zn (47 %). Despite negligible dietary vitamin B12 intake in the vegan group, deficiency of this particular vitamin was low in all groups thanks to widespread use of supplements. Prevalence of Fe deficiency was comparable across all diet groups. Conclusions Despite substantial differences in intake and deficiency between groups, our results indicate that by consuming a well-balanced diet including supplements or fortified products, all three types of diet can potentially fulfill requirements for vitamin and mineral consumption.