Effects of Different Mixing Agents on the Stability of Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate (STS) Foam: An Experimental Study

• Published in: CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology Vol. 41; no. 12; pp. 1952 - 1957
• Main Authors: Hashimoto, Kazuki, Uchida, Barry, Horikawa, Masahiro, Mimura, Hidefumi, Farsad, Khashayar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer Science and Business Media LLC 01.12.2018; Springer US; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Air; Blood substitutes; CARBON DIOXIDE; Carbon Dioxide - chemistry; Cardiology; Contrast Media; Contrast Media - chemistry; FOAMS; Humans; Imaging; IN VITRO; In Vitro Techniques; INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; Iohexol; Iohexol - chemistry; Laboratory Investigation; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Nuclear Medicine; Radiology; Sclerosing Solutions; Sclerosing Solutions - chemistry; Sclerotherapy; Sodium; SODIUM SULFATES; Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate; Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate - chemistry; Ultrasound; Viscoelastic Substances; Lower extremity varix; Polidocanol; Sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS); Sotradecol; Venous malformation; Foam sclerotherapy; Fibro-vein
• ISSN: 0174-1551; 1432-086X; 1432-086X
• DOI: 10.1007/s00270-018-2049-2

Purpose To evaluate the effect of air, CO 2 and contrast medium-air on the dwell time (DT) stability of sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) foam. Materials and Methods Three types of foam sclerosants (air-foam, CO 2 -foam, contrast-air-foam) were injected eight times into an inclined straight plastic tube (internal diameters 4 mm and 10 mm) filled with a blood substitute. Injections were captured by CCD camera, and images were transferred for digital analysis and calculation of DT. Results Contrast-air-foam and air-foam in a 4-mm tube showed 5.6-/3.3-fold greater DT compared to CO 2 -foam, respectively ( P  = 0.001). Contrast-air-foam in a 10-mm tube showed 2.1-fold greater DT compared to CO 2 -foam ( P  = 0.0167). Conclusion A mixture of air and iodinated contrast improves the stability of STS foam compared to mixtures using only air or CO 2 . Further, animal and clinical studies are needed to validate this in vitro result.