Gait variability and biomechanical distinctions in individuals with functional ankle instability: a case–control study based on three-dimensional motion analysis
Background Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and neuromuscular deficits. This study utilizes three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis system to quantify lower limb biomechanical alterations in FAI du...
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| Published in | European journal of medical research Vol. 30; no. 1; pp. 493 - 12 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
19.06.2025
BioMed Central Ltd BMC |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2047-783X 0949-2321 2047-783X |
| DOI | 10.1186/s40001-025-02736-8 |
Cover
| Abstract | Background
Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and neuromuscular deficits. This study utilizes three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis system to quantify lower limb biomechanical alterations in FAI during gait, aiming to identify objective markers for guiding targeted rehabilitation strategies.
Study design
This case–control study enrolled 31 matched subject pairs (FAI subjects vs. healthy controls) through propensity score matching based on stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria. Demographic data were collected, and functional assessments including the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain were administered. 3D gait analysis was performed using an infrared motion capture system (BTS SMART-D 400) to quantify biomechanical parameters characterizing FAI-related gait abnormalities.
Results
In individuals with FAI gait quality is significantly compromised, predominantly evidenced by alterations in pelvic tilt (
P
< 0.05,
r
= − 0.67, 95% CI [− 4.75, − 1.95]), as well as deviations in hip ad-abduction (
P
< 0.05,
r
= 0.44, 95% CI [− 3.80, − 0.20]). This condition is further characterized by a marked reduction in sagittal plane flexion of the hip joint (
P
< 0.05,
r
= − 0.44, 95% CI [0.60, 8.25]) and a decrease in the maximum dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (
P
< 0.05,
r
= − 2.56, 95% CI [− 3.76, 0.50]). Additionally, there is an observed increase in the dorsiflexion angle at the forefoot (
P
< 0.05,
r
= − 11.04, 95% CI [1.36,4.94]), coupled with a decrease in the dorsiflexion angle at the hindfoot (
P
< 0.05,
r
= − 13.16, 95% CI [0.25,4.10]).
Conclusions
Post-traumatic degradation of peripheral sensorimotor feedback following ankle injury induces central nervous system-mediated motor control reorganization, resulting in altered movement strategies that manifest through modified kinematic coordination patterns across the hip, knee, and ankle joints. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Abstract Background Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and neuromuscular deficits. This study utilizes three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis system to quantify lower limb biomechanical alterations in FAI during gait, aiming to identify objective markers for guiding targeted rehabilitation strategies. Study design This case–control study enrolled 31 matched subject pairs (FAI subjects vs. healthy controls) through propensity score matching based on stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria. Demographic data were collected, and functional assessments including the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain were administered. 3D gait analysis was performed using an infrared motion capture system (BTS SMART-D 400) to quantify biomechanical parameters characterizing FAI-related gait abnormalities. Results In individuals with FAI gait quality is significantly compromised, predominantly evidenced by alterations in pelvic tilt (P < 0.05, r = − 0.67, 95% CI [− 4.75, − 1.95]), as well as deviations in hip ad-abduction (P < 0.05, r = 0.44, 95% CI [− 3.80, − 0.20]). This condition is further characterized by a marked reduction in sagittal plane flexion of the hip joint (P < 0.05, r = − 0.44, 95% CI [0.60, 8.25]) and a decrease in the maximum dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (P < 0.05, r = − 2.56, 95% CI [− 3.76, 0.50]). Additionally, there is an observed increase in the dorsiflexion angle at the forefoot (P < 0.05, r = − 11.04, 95% CI [1.36,4.94]), coupled with a decrease in the dorsiflexion angle at the hindfoot (P < 0.05, r = − 13.16, 95% CI [0.25,4.10]). Conclusions Post-traumatic degradation of peripheral sensorimotor feedback following ankle injury induces central nervous system-mediated motor control reorganization, resulting in altered movement strategies that manifest through modified kinematic coordination patterns across the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and neuromuscular deficits. This study utilizes three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis system to quantify lower limb biomechanical alterations in FAI during gait, aiming to identify objective markers for guiding targeted rehabilitation strategies. This case-control study enrolled 31 matched subject pairs (FAI subjects vs. healthy controls) through propensity score matching based on stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria. Demographic data were collected, and functional assessments including the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain were administered. 3D gait analysis was performed using an infrared motion capture system (BTS SMART-D 400) to quantify biomechanical parameters characterizing FAI-related gait abnormalities. In individuals with FAI gait quality is significantly compromised, predominantly evidenced by alterations in pelvic tilt (P < 0.05, r = - 0.67, 95% CI [- 4.75, - 1.95]), as well as deviations in hip ad-abduction (P < 0.05, r = 0.44, 95% CI [- 3.80, - 0.20]). This condition is further characterized by a marked reduction in sagittal plane flexion of the hip joint (P < 0.05, r = - 0.44, 95% CI [0.60, 8.25]) and a decrease in the maximum dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (P < 0.05, r = - 2.56, 95% CI [- 3.76, 0.50]). Additionally, there is an observed increase in the dorsiflexion angle at the forefoot (P < 0.05, r = - 11.04, 95% CI [1.36,4.94]), coupled with a decrease in the dorsiflexion angle at the hindfoot (P < 0.05, r = - 13.16, 95% CI [0.25,4.10]). Post-traumatic degradation of peripheral sensorimotor feedback following ankle injury induces central nervous system-mediated motor control reorganization, resulting in altered movement strategies that manifest through modified kinematic coordination patterns across the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and neuromuscular deficits. This study utilizes three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis system to quantify lower limb biomechanical alterations in FAI during gait, aiming to identify objective markers for guiding targeted rehabilitation strategies. This case-control study enrolled 31 matched subject pairs (FAI subjects vs. healthy controls) through propensity score matching based on stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria. Demographic data were collected, and functional assessments including the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain were administered. 3D gait analysis was performed using an infrared motion capture system (BTS SMART-D 400) to quantify biomechanical parameters characterizing FAI-related gait abnormalities. In individuals with FAI gait quality is significantly compromised, predominantly evidenced by alterations in pelvic tilt (P < 0.05, r = - 0.67, 95% CI [- 4.75, - 1.95]), as well as deviations in hip ad-abduction (P < 0.05, r = 0.44, 95% CI [- 3.80, - 0.20]). This condition is further characterized by a marked reduction in sagittal plane flexion of the hip joint (P < 0.05, r = - 0.44, 95% CI [0.60, 8.25]) and a decrease in the maximum dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (P < 0.05, r = - 2.56, 95% CI [- 3.76, 0.50]). Additionally, there is an observed increase in the dorsiflexion angle at the forefoot (P < 0.05, r = - 11.04, 95% CI [1.36,4.94]), coupled with a decrease in the dorsiflexion angle at the hindfoot (P < 0.05, r = - 13.16, 95% CI [0.25,4.10]). Post-traumatic degradation of peripheral sensorimotor feedback following ankle injury induces central nervous system-mediated motor control reorganization, resulting in altered movement strategies that manifest through modified kinematic coordination patterns across the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Background Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and neuromuscular deficits. This study utilizes three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis system to quantify lower limb biomechanical alterations in FAI during gait, aiming to identify objective markers for guiding targeted rehabilitation strategies. Study design This case-control study enrolled 31 matched subject pairs (FAI subjects vs. healthy controls) through propensity score matching based on stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria. Demographic data were collected, and functional assessments including the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain were administered. 3D gait analysis was performed using an infrared motion capture system (BTS SMART-D 400) to quantify biomechanical parameters characterizing FAI-related gait abnormalities. Results In individuals with FAI gait quality is significantly compromised, predominantly evidenced by alterations in pelvic tilt (P < 0.05, r = - 0.67, 95% CI [- 4.75, - 1.95]), as well as deviations in hip ad-abduction (P < 0.05, r = 0.44, 95% CI [- 3.80, - 0.20]). This condition is further characterized by a marked reduction in sagittal plane flexion of the hip joint (P < 0.05, r = - 0.44, 95% CI [0.60, 8.25]) and a decrease in the maximum dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (P < 0.05, r = - 2.56, 95% CI [- 3.76, 0.50]). Additionally, there is an observed increase in the dorsiflexion angle at the forefoot (P < 0.05, r = - 11.04, 95% CI [1.36,4.94]), coupled with a decrease in the dorsiflexion angle at the hindfoot (P < 0.05, r = - 13.16, 95% CI [0.25,4.10]). Conclusions Post-traumatic degradation of peripheral sensorimotor feedback following ankle injury induces central nervous system-mediated motor control reorganization, resulting in altered movement strategies that manifest through modified kinematic coordination patterns across the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Keywords: Sensorimotor deficits, Kinematic alterations, Compensatory mechanisms, Postural stability, Rehabilitation strategies Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and neuromuscular deficits. This study utilizes three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis system to quantify lower limb biomechanical alterations in FAI during gait, aiming to identify objective markers for guiding targeted rehabilitation strategies.BACKGROUNDAnkle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and neuromuscular deficits. This study utilizes three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis system to quantify lower limb biomechanical alterations in FAI during gait, aiming to identify objective markers for guiding targeted rehabilitation strategies.This case-control study enrolled 31 matched subject pairs (FAI subjects vs. healthy controls) through propensity score matching based on stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria. Demographic data were collected, and functional assessments including the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain were administered. 3D gait analysis was performed using an infrared motion capture system (BTS SMART-D 400) to quantify biomechanical parameters characterizing FAI-related gait abnormalities.STUDY DESIGNThis case-control study enrolled 31 matched subject pairs (FAI subjects vs. healthy controls) through propensity score matching based on stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria. Demographic data were collected, and functional assessments including the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain were administered. 3D gait analysis was performed using an infrared motion capture system (BTS SMART-D 400) to quantify biomechanical parameters characterizing FAI-related gait abnormalities.In individuals with FAI gait quality is significantly compromised, predominantly evidenced by alterations in pelvic tilt (P < 0.05, r = - 0.67, 95% CI [- 4.75, - 1.95]), as well as deviations in hip ad-abduction (P < 0.05, r = 0.44, 95% CI [- 3.80, - 0.20]). This condition is further characterized by a marked reduction in sagittal plane flexion of the hip joint (P < 0.05, r = - 0.44, 95% CI [0.60, 8.25]) and a decrease in the maximum dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (P < 0.05, r = - 2.56, 95% CI [- 3.76, 0.50]). Additionally, there is an observed increase in the dorsiflexion angle at the forefoot (P < 0.05, r = - 11.04, 95% CI [1.36,4.94]), coupled with a decrease in the dorsiflexion angle at the hindfoot (P < 0.05, r = - 13.16, 95% CI [0.25,4.10]).RESULTSIn individuals with FAI gait quality is significantly compromised, predominantly evidenced by alterations in pelvic tilt (P < 0.05, r = - 0.67, 95% CI [- 4.75, - 1.95]), as well as deviations in hip ad-abduction (P < 0.05, r = 0.44, 95% CI [- 3.80, - 0.20]). This condition is further characterized by a marked reduction in sagittal plane flexion of the hip joint (P < 0.05, r = - 0.44, 95% CI [0.60, 8.25]) and a decrease in the maximum dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (P < 0.05, r = - 2.56, 95% CI [- 3.76, 0.50]). Additionally, there is an observed increase in the dorsiflexion angle at the forefoot (P < 0.05, r = - 11.04, 95% CI [1.36,4.94]), coupled with a decrease in the dorsiflexion angle at the hindfoot (P < 0.05, r = - 13.16, 95% CI [0.25,4.10]).Post-traumatic degradation of peripheral sensorimotor feedback following ankle injury induces central nervous system-mediated motor control reorganization, resulting in altered movement strategies that manifest through modified kinematic coordination patterns across the hip, knee, and ankle joints.CONCLUSIONSPost-traumatic degradation of peripheral sensorimotor feedback following ankle injury induces central nervous system-mediated motor control reorganization, resulting in altered movement strategies that manifest through modified kinematic coordination patterns across the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Background Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and neuromuscular deficits. This study utilizes three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis system to quantify lower limb biomechanical alterations in FAI during gait, aiming to identify objective markers for guiding targeted rehabilitation strategies. Study design This case–control study enrolled 31 matched subject pairs (FAI subjects vs. healthy controls) through propensity score matching based on stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria. Demographic data were collected, and functional assessments including the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain were administered. 3D gait analysis was performed using an infrared motion capture system (BTS SMART-D 400) to quantify biomechanical parameters characterizing FAI-related gait abnormalities. Results In individuals with FAI gait quality is significantly compromised, predominantly evidenced by alterations in pelvic tilt ( P < 0.05, r = − 0.67, 95% CI [− 4.75, − 1.95]), as well as deviations in hip ad-abduction ( P < 0.05, r = 0.44, 95% CI [− 3.80, − 0.20]). This condition is further characterized by a marked reduction in sagittal plane flexion of the hip joint ( P < 0.05, r = − 0.44, 95% CI [0.60, 8.25]) and a decrease in the maximum dorsiflexion of the ankle joint ( P < 0.05, r = − 2.56, 95% CI [− 3.76, 0.50]). Additionally, there is an observed increase in the dorsiflexion angle at the forefoot ( P < 0.05, r = − 11.04, 95% CI [1.36,4.94]), coupled with a decrease in the dorsiflexion angle at the hindfoot ( P < 0.05, r = − 13.16, 95% CI [0.25,4.10]). Conclusions Post-traumatic degradation of peripheral sensorimotor feedback following ankle injury induces central nervous system-mediated motor control reorganization, resulting in altered movement strategies that manifest through modified kinematic coordination patterns across the hip, knee, and ankle joints. |
| ArticleNumber | 493 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Gao, Jiaxin Lin, Zhonghua Tian, Huan Jiang, Cai Zhang, Chen Ke, Xiaohua Li, Huaqiang Huang, Dunbing Song, Wei |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Dunbing surname: Huang fullname: Huang, Dunbing organization: Encephalopathy and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University – sequence: 2 givenname: Chen surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Chen organization: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University – sequence: 3 givenname: Wei surname: Song fullname: Song, Wei organization: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University – sequence: 4 givenname: Jiaxin surname: Gao fullname: Gao, Jiaxin organization: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine – sequence: 5 givenname: Huan surname: Tian fullname: Tian, Huan organization: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine – sequence: 6 givenname: Huaqiang surname: Li fullname: Li, Huaqiang organization: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine – sequence: 7 givenname: Xiaohua surname: Ke fullname: Ke, Xiaohua email: kxh22@tongji.edu.cn organization: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University – sequence: 8 givenname: Cai surname: Jiang fullname: Jiang, Cai email: jiangcai88@126.com organization: Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Fujian Provincial Hospital – sequence: 9 givenname: Zhonghua surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Zhonghua email: doctor_lzh71@163.com organization: Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Fujian Provincial Hospital |
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Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and... Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and neuromuscular... Background Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and... Abstract Background Ankle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Analysis Ankle Ankle Injuries - physiopathology Ankle Joint - physiopathology Biomechanical Phenomena Biomedicine Case-Control Studies Compensatory mechanisms Female Gait - physiology Gait Analysis - methods Humans Infectious Diseases Injuries Internal Medicine Joint Instability - physiopathology Kinematic alterations Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Neurophysiology Oncology Postural stability Rehabilitation strategies Sensorimotor deficits Surgery Young Adult |
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| Title | Gait variability and biomechanical distinctions in individuals with functional ankle instability: a case–control study based on three-dimensional motion analysis |
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