Norovirus replication, host interactions and vaccine advances

• Published in: Nature reviews. Microbiology Vol. 23; no. 6; pp. 385 - 401
• Main Authors: Prasad, B. V. Venkataram, Atmar, Robert L., Ramani, Sasirekha, Palzkill, Timothy, Song, Yongcheng, Crawford, Sue E., Estes, Mary K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.06.2025; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 631/250/590; 631/326/596; 631/535; 692/4020/1503/1501; Antiviral agents; Biology; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Caliciviridae Infections - immunology; Caliciviridae Infections - prevention & control; Caliciviridae Infections - virology; Clinical trials; Epitope mapping; Gastroenteritis; Gastroenteritis - prevention & control; Gastroenteritis - virology; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune response; Infectious Diseases; Innate immunity; Life Sciences; Medical Microbiology; Metagenomics; Microbiology; Neutralization; Norovirus; Norovirus - genetics; Norovirus - immunology; Norovirus - physiology; Organoids; Pandemics; Parasitology; Pathogenesis; Replication; Review Article; Vaccine Development; Vaccines; Viral Vaccines - immunology; Virology; Virus Replication; Viruses
• ISSN: 1740-1526; 1740-1534; 1740-1534
• DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01144-9

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide in all age groups and cause significant disease and economic burden globally. To date, no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies are available to treat or prevent HuNoV illness. Several candidate vaccines are in clinical trials, although potential barriers to successful development must be overcome. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding HuNoV biology owing to breakthroughs in virus cultivation using human intestinal tissue-derived organoid (or enteroid) cultures, advances in structural biology technology combined with epitope mapping and increased metagenomic sequencing. New and unexpected strain-specific differences in pandemic versus non-pandemic virus structures, replication properties and virus–host interactions, including host factors required for susceptibility to infection and pathogenesis, are discussed. In this Review, the authors highlight recent advances in human norovirus biology, including classification, strain-specific differences in cell entry and innate immune responses. They also highlight progress in virus replication, neutralization assays, structural biology and antiviral targets, as well as the status and challenges of vaccine development.