A cellular star atlas: using astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells for disease studies

• Published in: Frontiers in cellular neuroscience Vol. 7; p. 25
• Main Authors: Krencik, Robert, Ullian, Erik M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Frontiers Research Foundation 14.03.2013; Frontiers Media S.A
• Subjects: Alzheimer's disease; Astrocytes; Cell culture; Cell differentiation; Developmental disorders of the brain; disease models; Environmental factors; Gene expression; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Maturation; Mutation; Neural stem cells; Neurodevelopmental disorders; neurological disorders; Neuronal-glial interactions; Neuroscience; Neurosciences; Pluripotency; Regenerative Medicine; Stem cells; synaptogenic proteins; regenerative medicine; neurological disorders; human stem cells; RASopathies; astrocytes; developmental disorders of the brain; disease models
• ISSN: 1662-5102; 1662-5102
• DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00025

What roles do astrocytes play in human disease?This question remains unanswered for nearly every human neurological disorder. Yet, because of their abundance and complexity astrocytes can impact neurological function in many ways. The differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into neuronal and glial subtypes, including astrocytes, is becoming routine, thus their use as tools for modeling neurodevelopment and disease will provide one important approach to answer this question. When designing experiments, careful consideration must be given to choosing paradigms for differentiation, maturation, and functional analysis of these temporally asynchronous cellular populations in culture. In the case of astrocytes, they display heterogeneous characteristics depending upon species of origin, brain region, developmental stage, environmental factors, and disease states, all of which may render experimental results highly variable. In this review, challenges and future directions are discussed for using hPSC-derived astroglial progenitors and mature astrocytes for neurodevelopmental studies with a focus on exploring human astrocyte effects upon neuronal function. As new technologies emerge to measure the functions of astrocytes in vitro and in vivo, there is also a need for a standardized source of human astrocytes that are most relevant to the diseases of interest.