Association of Glycaemia Risk Index With Indices of Atherosclerosis: A Cross‐Sectional Study

• Published in: Journal of diabetes Vol. 17; no. 3; pp. e70065 - n/a
• Main Authors: Torimoto, Keiichi, Okada, Yosuke, Mita, Tomoya, Tanaka, Kenichi, Sato, Fumiya, Katakami, Naoto, Yoshii, Hidenori, Nishida, Keiko, Tanaka, Yoshiya, Ishii, Ryota, Gosho, Masahiko, Shimomura, Iichiro, Watada, Hirotaka
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Melbourne Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd 01.03.2025; John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Wiley
• Subjects: Aged; Ankle Brachial Index; Atherosclerosis; Atherosclerosis - blood; Atherosclerosis - diagnosis; Atherosclerosis - epidemiology; Atherosclerosis - etiology; Biomarkers - blood; Blood Glucose - analysis; Blood Glucose - metabolism; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; continuous glucose monitoring (CGM); Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - blood; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications; Female; flash glucose monitoring (FGM); glycaemia risk index (GRI); Glycated Hemoglobin - analysis; Humans; Japan - epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Original; Prospective Studies; Pulse Wave Analysis; Risk Factors; time in range (TIR); type 2 diabetes (T2DM); Japan; atherosclerosis; flash glucose monitoring (FGM); time in range (TIR); continuous glucose monitoring (CGM); glycaemia risk index (GRI); type 2 diabetes (T2DM)
• ISSN: 1753-0393; 1753-0407; 1753-0407
• DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.70065

ABSTRACT Aims This study determined the association of the glycaemia risk index (GRI), a novel comprehensive metric derived from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods We evaluated the relationship between GRI and intima‐media thickness (IMT), gray‐scale median (GSM), tissue characteristics of the carotid artery wall, and brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), using baseline data from a multicenter prospective cohort study of 1000 Japanese patients with T2DM free of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Results The study subjects were 999 patients (age: 64.6 ± 9.6 years, mean ± SD, 60.9% males, body mass index: 24.6 ± 3.9 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.1% ± 0.8%, TIR 78.9% ± 18.6%) with T2DM (duration of 12.9 ± 8.5 years). A higher GRI was associated with a longer duration of diabetes, a higher HbA1c level, a mean glucose level, and baPWV, and lower mean GSM. No association was noted between GRI and mean IMT. GRI was significantly associated with mean GSM (regression coefficient, β = −0.1277; 95% confidence interval: CI: −0.2165 to −0.0390, p = 0.005) and baPWV (regression coefficient, β = −3.1568; 95% CI: 1.5058 to 4.8079, p < 0.001) after adjustment for various cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions GRI is a potentially useful predictor of atherosclerosis in patients with T2DM. Our findings suggest that GRI, a marker of the risk of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia, may serve as a clinically useful tool for the assessment of the risk of CVD in patients with T2DM, independent of the classical cardiovascular risk factors.