Challenges with Methods for Detecting and Studying the Transcription Factor Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) in the Central Nervous System

• Published in: Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 10; no. 6; p. 1335
• Main Authors: Mostafizar, Marina, Cortes-Pérez, Claudia, Snow, Wanda, Djordjevic, Jelena, Adlimoghaddam, Aida, Albensi, Benedict C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 28.05.2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Alzheimer's disease; Animals; Beta cells; Brain research; Cancer; Cell Line; Central nervous system; Central Nervous System - metabolism; Cytokines; Diabetes mellitus; DNA damage; DNA methylation; Gene expression; Humans; Immune system; in vitro and in vivo methods; Inflammation; Kinases; Localization; Memory; Nervous system; Neurological diseases; neurological disorders; Neuronal-glial interactions; Neurosciences; NF-kappa B - analysis; NF-kappa B - metabolism; NF-κB protein; nuclear factor kappa B; Phosphorylation; Proteins; Review; Signal transduction; Synaptic plasticity; transcription factor; Transcription factors; United States > US; Baltimore Maryland; transcription factor; in vitro and in vivo methods; neurological disorders; nuclear factor kappa B
• ISSN: 2073-4409; 2073-4409
• DOI: 10.3390/cells10061335

The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is highly expressed in almost all types of cells. NF-κB is involved in many complex biological processes, in particular in immunity. The activation of the NF-κB signaling pathways is also associated with cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders and even memory. Hence, NF-κB is a central factor for understanding not only fundamental biological presence but also pathogenesis, and has been the subject of intense study in these contexts. Under healthy physiological conditions, the NF-κB pathway promotes synapse growth and synaptic plasticity in neurons, while in glia, NF-κB signaling can promote pro-inflammatory responses to injury. In addition, NF-κB promotes the maintenance and maturation of B cells regulating gene expression in a majority of diverse signaling pathways. Given this, the protein plays a predominant role in activating the mammalian immune system, where NF-κB-regulated gene expression targets processes of inflammation and host defense. Thus, an understanding of the methodological issues around its detection for localization, quantification, and mechanistic insights should have a broad interest across the molecular neuroscience community. In this review, we summarize the available methods for the proper detection and analysis of NF-κB among various brain tissues, cell types, and subcellular compartments, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. We also summarize the flexibility and performance of these experimental methods for the detection of the protein, accurate quantification in different samples, and the experimental challenges in this regard, as well as suggestions to overcome common challenges.