An integrative study of five biological clocks in somatic and mental health

• Published in: eLife Vol. 10
• Main Authors: Jansen, Rick, Han, Laura KM, Verhoeven, Josine E, Aberg, Karolina A, van den Oord, Edwin CGJ, Milaneschi, Yuri, Penninx, Brenda WJH
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England eLife Sciences Publications Ltd 09.02.2021; eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
• Subjects: Aging; biological aging; Biological clocks; Biological Clocks - physiology; Body mass index; Cell Biology; Chronic illnesses; DNA methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic - physiology; Epigenetics; Genetics and Genomics; Humans; Mental disorders; Mental Health; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolites; Metabolome - physiology; Metabolomics; Mortality; Proteome - physiology; Proteomics; telomere; Telomere - physiology; Telomeres; Transcriptome - physiology; Transcriptomics; Yeast; biological aging; cell biology; genetics; proteomics; metabolomics; telomere; transcriptomics; genomics; human; epigenetics
• ISSN: 2050-084X; 2050-084X
• DOI: 10.7554/eLife.59479

Biological clocks have been developed at different molecular levels and were found to be more advanced in the presence of somatic illness and mental disorders. However, it is unclear whether different biological clocks reflect similar aging processes and determinants. In ~3000 subjects, we examined whether five biological clocks (telomere length, epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic clocks) were interrelated and associated to somatic and mental health determinants. Correlations between biological aging indicators were small (all r < 0.2), indicating little overlap. The most consistent associations of advanced biological aging were found for male sex, higher body mass index (BMI), metabolic syndrome, smoking, and depression. As compared to the individual clocks, a composite index of all five clocks showed most pronounced associations with health determinants. The large effect sizes of the composite index and the low correlation between biological aging indicators suggest that one’s biological age is best reflected by combining aging measures from multiple cellular levels.