Distinctive Delta and Theta Responses in Deductive and Probabilistic Reasoning

• Published in: Brain and behavior Vol. 15; no. 1; pp. e70179 - n/a
• Main Authors: Sevim, Emir Faruk, Yildirim, Yasin, Ünsal, Esra, Dalmizrak, Esra, Güntekin, Bahar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.01.2025; John Wiley and Sons Inc; Wiley
• Subjects: Adult; Brain - physiology; Brain research; Cognition & reasoning; conditional reasoning; deductive reasoning; Delta Rhythm - physiology; electroencephalography; Electroencephalography - methods; event‐related oscillations; Evoked Potentials - physiology; Female; Humans; Hypotheses; Information processing; Logic; Male; Meta-analysis; Original; probabilistic reasoning; Reaction Time - physiology; Theta Rhythm - physiology; Thinking - physiology; Young Adult; event‐related oscillations; electroencephalography; probabilistic reasoning; conditional reasoning; deductive reasoning
• ISSN: 2162-3279; 2162-3279
• DOI: 10.1002/brb3.70179

ABSTRACT Introduction The neural substrates of reasoning, a cognitive ability we use constantly in daily life, are still unclear. Reasoning can be divided into two types according to how the inference process works and the certainty of the conclusions. In deductive reasoning, certain conclusions are drawn from premises by applying the rules of logic. On the other hand, in probabilistic reasoning, possible conclusions are drawn by interpreting the semantic content of arguments. Methods We examined event‐related oscillations associated with deductive and probabilistic reasoning. To better represent the natural use of reasoning, we adopted a design that required participants to choose what type of reasoning they would use. Twenty healthy participants judged the truth values of alternative conclusion propositions following two premises while the EEG was being recorded. We then analyzed event‐related delta and theta power and phase‐locking induced under two different conditions. Results We found that the reaction time was shorter and the accuracy rate was higher in deductive reasoning than in probabilistic reasoning. High delta and theta power in the temporoparietal, parietal, and occipital regions of the brain were observed in deductive reasoning. As for the probabilistic reasoning, prolonged delta response in the right hemisphere and high frontal theta phase‐locking were noted. Conclusion Our results suggest that the electrophysiological signatures of the two types of reasoning have distinct characteristics. There are significant differences in the delta and theta responses that are associated with deductive and probabilistic reasoning. Although our findings suggest that deductive and probabilistic reasoning have different neural substrates, consistent with most of the studies in the literature, there is not yet enough evidence to make a comprehensive claim on the subject. There is a need to diversify the growing literature on deductive and probabilistic reasoning with different methods and experimental paradigms. There are significant differences in the event‐related delta and theta responses of deductive and probabilistic reasoning. In deductive reasoning, high delta and theta power were detected in posterior brain regions. A prolonged delta response in the right hemisphere and high frontal theta phase‐locking were detected in probabilistic reasoning.