Assessing the Sensitivity and Efficiency of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for High-Concentration Cadmium Detection in Cocoa Powder

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 25; no. 8; p. 2434
• Main Authors: Molina M., Juan, Pincay, Raquel, Santos, Víctor, González, José Luis, Trujillo Guerrero, María Fernanda, Díaz Pace, Diego, Costa-Vera, César
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 12.04.2025; MDPI
• Subjects: Algorithms; Cacao - chemistry; Cadmium; Cadmium - analysis; Cadmium - chemistry; Cadmium - isolation & purification; Chocolate; Cocoa; Food Contamination - analysis; Heavy metals; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Lasers; LIBS; Limit of Detection; Nitrates; Powders - chemistry; Reproducibility; Software; Spectrum analysis; Spectrum Analysis - methods; Ecuador; United States; United States > US; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; cadmium; LIBS; cocoa
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s25082434

Cocoa is a major commodity in the global food industry. Heavy metal contamination, particularly cadmium (Cd), raises significant concerns. This work demonstrates the use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for fast Cd quantification in commercial cocoa powder across a wide range of concentrations (70–5000 ppm). Cocoa powder presents unique challenges due to its physical properties, such as the tendency to soften and liquefy at elevated temperatures, which complicates sample preparation. To address these issues, a mechanical mixing and pelletization protocol was implemented to ensure uniformity. Pellets were doped with known cadmium concentrations for calibration. Cadmium atomic lines at 340.36 and 361.05 nm were used to construct quantification curves. A special algorithm for background subtraction was implemented, and the LIBS plasma was characterized to ensure local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. Out of eighteen samples, five double-blinded unknowns were evaluated. The concentrations agreed well within normalized standard deviations of 9.73% and 5.88% for the two cadmium lines. The limits of detection for the lines were 0.4 and 0.08 μg/g, respectively. LIBS is confirmed as a rapid and versatile analytical tool for Cd detection and quantification in complex food matrices, with potential applications in field-based and industrial monitoring systems.