Competitive performance of a modularized deep neural network compared to commercial algorithms for low-dose CT image reconstruction

• Published in: Nature machine intelligence Vol. 1; no. 6; pp. 269 - 276
• Main Authors: Shan, Hongming, Padole, Atul, Homayounieh, Fatemeh, Kruger, Uwe, Khera, Ruhani Doda, Nitiwarangkul, Chayanin, Kalra, Mannudeep K., Wang, Ge
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.06.2019; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 631/114/1305; 692/700/1421; 692/700/1421/1846/2771; Algorithms; Artificial neural networks; Cloning; Computed tomography; Deep learning; Engineering; Image quality; Image reconstruction; Iterative methods; Machine learning; Medical imaging; Modular design; Neural networks; Noise; Noise reduction; Performance evaluation; Process mapping; Radiation; Radiation dosage; Scanners; Workflow
• ISSN: 2522-5839; 2522-5839
• DOI: 10.1038/s42256-019-0057-9

Commercial iterative reconstruction techniques help to reduce the radiation dose of computed tomography (CT), but altered image appearance and artefacts can limit their adoptability and potential use. Deep learning has been investigated for low-dose CT (LDCT). Here, we design a modularized neural network for LDCT and compare it with commercial iterative reconstruction methods from three leading CT vendors. Although popular networks are trained for an end-to-end mapping, our network performs an end-to-process mapping so that intermediate denoised images are obtained with associated noise reduction directions towards a final denoised image. The learned workflow allows radiologists in the loop to optimize the denoising depth in a task-specific fashion. Our network was trained with the Mayo LDCT Dataset and tested on separate chest and abdominal CT exams from Massachusetts General Hospital. The best deep learning reconstructions were systematically compared to the best iterative reconstructions in a double-blinded reader study. This study confirms that our deep learning approach performs either favourably or comparably in terms of noise suppression and structural fidelity, and is much faster than commercial iterative reconstruction algorithms. Reducing the radiation dose for medical CT scans can provide a less invasive imaging method, but requires a method for reconstructing an image up to the image quality from a full-dose scan. In this article, Wang and colleagues show that the deep learning approach, combined with the feedback from radiologists, produces higher quality reconstructions than or similar to that using the current commercial methods.