Changes of Dietary Fat and Carbohydrate Content Alter Central and Peripheral Clock in Humans

• Published in: The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism Vol. 100; no. 6; pp. 2291 - 2302
• Main Authors: Pivovarova, Olga, Jürchott, Karsten, Rudovich, Natalia, Hornemann, Silke, Ye, Lu, Möckel, Simona, Murahovschi, Veronica, Kessler, Katharina, Seltmann, Anne-Cathrin, Maser-Gluth, Christiane, Mazuch, Jeannine, Kruse, Michael, Busjahn, Andreas, Kramer, Achim, Pfeiffer, Andreas F. H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Oxford University Press 01.06.2015; Copyright by The Endocrine Society
• Subjects: Blood levels; Brain - drug effects; Brain - physiology; Carbohydrate Metabolism - drug effects; Carbohydrates; CD14 antigen; CD18 antigen; Circadian Clocks - drug effects; Circadian Clocks - genetics; Circadian rhythm; Circadian Rhythm - drug effects; Circadian Rhythm - genetics; Circadian rhythms; CLOCK Proteins - genetics; Cortisol; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Carbohydrates - pharmacology; Dietary Fats - pharmacology; Diurnal; Energy metabolism; Fat metabolism; Gene expression; Gene Expression Regulation - drug effects; High carbohydrate diet; High fat diet; Hormones; Humans; Hydrocortisone - metabolism; Inflammation; Lipid metabolism; Lipid Metabolism - drug effects; Low carbohydrate diet; Low fat diet; Metabolism; Monocytes; Monocytes - drug effects; Monocytes - metabolism; Nutrient deficiency; Oils & fats; Oscillations; Period 1 protein; Period 2 protein; Period 3 protein; SIRT1 protein
• ISSN: 0021-972X; 1945-7197
• DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3868

Context:The circadian clock coordinates numerous metabolic processes with light-dark and feeding regimens. However, in humans it is unknown whether dietary patterns influence circadian rhythms.Objective:We examined the effects of switching from a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet to a low-carbohydrate, high fat (LC/HFD) isocaloric diet on the central and peripheral circadian clocks in humans.Design:Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol and gene expression were analyzed in blood monocytes of 29 nonobese healthy subjects before and 1 and 6 weeks after the dietary switch. For this, we established a method of rhythm prediction by 3-time point data.Results:The centrally driven cortisol rhythm showed a phase delay 1 and 6 weeks after the dietary switch to a LC/HFD as well as an amplitude increase. The dietary switch altered diurnal oscillations of core clock genes (PER1, PER2, PER3, and TEF) and inflammatory genes (CD14, CD180, NFKBIA, and IL1B). The LC/HFD also affected the expression of nonoscillating genes contributing to energy metabolism (SIRT1) and fat metabolism (ACOX3 and IDH3A). Expression of clock genes but not of salivary cortisol in monocytes tightly correlated with levels of blood lipids and with expression of metabolic and inflammatory genes.Conclusions:Our results suggest that the modulation of the dietary fat and carbohydrate content alters the function of the central and peripheral circadian clocks in humans.