Impact of Sex‐ and Gender‐Related Factors on Length of Stay Following Non–ST‐Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Multicountry Analysis

• Published in: Journal of the American Heart Association Vol. 12; no. 15; p. e028553
• Main Authors: Bender, Uri, Norris, Colleen M., Dreyer, Rachel P., Krumholz, Harlan M., Raparelli, Valeria, Pilote, Louise
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England John Wiley and Sons Inc 01.08.2023; Wiley
• Subjects: acute myocardial infarction; Adult; employment; Female; gender; Hospital Mortality; Hospitalization; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction - diagnosis; Myocardial Infarction - epidemiology; Myocardial Infarction - therapy; Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction - diagnosis; Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction - epidemiology; Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction - therapy; Original Research; Risk Factors; sex; Sex Factors; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction - diagnosis; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction - epidemiology; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction - therapy; United States - epidemiology; United States; length of stay; employment; gender; acute myocardial infarction; sex
• ISSN: 2047-9980; 2047-9980
• DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.122.028553

Background Gender-related factors are psycho-socio-cultural characteristics and are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in acute myocardial infarction, independent of sex. Whether sex- and gender-related factors contribute to the substantial heterogeneity in hospital length of stay (LOS) among patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction remains unknown. Methods and Results This observational cohort study combined and analyzed data from the GENESIS-PRAXY (Gender and Sex Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Beyond Premature Acute Coronary Syndrome study), EVA (Endocrine Vascular Disease Approach study), and VIRGO (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI [Acute Myocardial Infarction] Patients study) cohorts of adults hospitalized across Canada, the United States, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and Australia for non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. In total, 5219 participants were assessed for eligibility. Sixty-three patients were excluded for missing LOS, and 2938 were excluded because of no non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction diagnosis. In total, 2218 participants were analyzed (66% women; mean±SD age, 48.5±7.9 years; 67.8% in the United States). Individuals with longer LOS (51%) were more likely to be White race, were more likely to have diabetes, hypertension, and a lower income, and were less likely to be employed and have completed secondary education. No univariate association between sex and LOS was observed. In the adjusted multivariable model, age (0.62 d/10 y; <0.001), unemployment (0.63 days; =0.01), and some of countries included relative to Canada (Italy, 4.1 days; Spain, 1.7 days; and the United States, -1.0 days; all <0.001) were independently associated with longer LOS. Medical history mediated the effect of employment on LOS. No interaction between sex and employment was observed. Longer LOS was associated with increased 12-month all-cause mortality. Conclusions Older age, unemployment, and country of hospitalization were independent predictors of LOS, regardless of sex. Individuals employed with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction were more likely to experience shorter LOS. Sociocultural factors represent a potential target for improvement in health care expenditure and resource allocation.