Paraneoplastic pemphigus in children and adolescents

• Published in: British journal of dermatology (1951) Vol. 147; no. 4; pp. 725 - 732
• Main Authors: Mimouni, D., Anhalt, G.J., Lazarova, Z., Aho, S., Kazerounian, S., Kouba, D.J., Mascaro Jr, J.M., Nousari, H.C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Science Ltd 01.10.2002; Blackwell; Oxford University Press
• Subjects: Adolescent; Autoantibodies - blood; Biological and medical sciences; Biomarkers - blood; Castleman Disease - complications; Castleman's disease; Child; children; Cytoskeletal Proteins - immunology; Dermatology; Desmoglein 1; Desmogleins; Desmoplakins; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Humans; lichenoid dermatitis; Male; Medical sciences; Membrane Proteins - immunology; Mouth Mucosa - pathology; paraneoplastic syndrome; Paraneoplastic Syndromes - diagnosis; Paraneoplastic Syndromes - etiology; Paraneoplastic Syndromes - pathology; pemphigus; Pemphigus - diagnosis; Pemphigus - etiology; Pemphigus - pathology; plakin protein; Plakins; Protein Precursors - immunology; Stomatitis - etiology; Tumors of the skin and soft tissue. Premalignant lesions; Bullous dermatosis; Human; Skin disease; Castleman's disease; Pemphigus; lichenoid dermatitis; Malignant hemopathy; B-Lymphocyte; Symptomatology; Concomitant disease; children; Lymphoproliferative syndrome; plakin protein; Complication; Malignant lymphoma; Paraneoplastic syndrome; Diagnosis; Child
• ISSN: 0007-0963; 1365-2133
• DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04992.x

Summary Background Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is an autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with specific B‐cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms. There has been an increasing number of individual reports in the childhood and adolescent population. Objectives To examine the clinical and immunopathological features of PNP occurring in children and adolescents. Patients and methods We analysed the clinical and immunopathological findings of 14 patients under the age of 18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of PNP. Sera from all patients were analysed by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and immunoprecipitation for plakin autoantibodies, immunoblotting for detection of plectin autoantibodies, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg3 autoantibodies. Results Severe oral mucositis was observed in all patients, and lichenoid cutaneous lesions in eight of 14 patients. The average age at presentation was 13 years. Striking findings included: pulmonary destruction leading to bronchiolitis obliterans in 10 patients, association with Castleman's disease in 12 patients, and a fatal outcome in 10 patients. The underlying neoplasm was occult in 10 patients. Histological findings include lichenoid and interface dermatitis with variable intraepithelial acantholysis. Deposition of IgG and C3 in the mouth and skin by direct IF was not found in some cases, but indirect IF detected IgG autoantibodies in all cases. Immunoprecipitation revealed IgG autoantibodies against desmoplakin I, envoplakin and periplakin in all cases, and against desmoplakin II and the 170‐kDa antigen in 13 and 10 patients, respectively. Dsg3 and Dsg1 autoantibodies were present in 10 and three patients, respectively, and plectin autoantibodies in 13 patients. Conclusions PNP in children and adolescents is most often a presenting sign of occult Castleman's disease. It presents with severe oral mucositis and cutaneous lichenoid lesions. Serum autoantibodies against plakin proteins were the most constant diagnostic markers. Pulmonary injury appears to account for the very high mortality rates observed.