Wearable Armband Device for Daily Life Electrocardiogram Monitoring

• Published in: IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering Vol. 67; no. 12; pp. 3464 - 3473
• Main Authors: Lazaro, Jesus, Reljin, Natasa, Hossain, Md-Billal, Noh, Yeonsik, Laguna, Pablo, Chon, Ki H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.12.2020; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Accelerometers; Adaptive filters; Arrhythmia; artifact detection; Biomedical monitoring; Channel estimation; Channels; ECG denoising; EKG; electrocardiogram (ECG); Electrocardiography; Electrodes; electromyogram (EMG); Electromyography; Frequencies; Hydrogels; Irritation; Least mean squares; Least mean squares algorithm; Monitoring; Noise reduction; Parameter estimation; Principal component analysis; Principal components analysis; Radial basis function; Segments; Seizures; Signal quality; Sleep; Support vector machines; Wearable devices; Wearable technology
• ISSN: 0018-9294; 1558-2531; 1558-2531
• DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2020.2987759

A wearable armband electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor has been used for daily life monitoring. The armband records three ECG channels, one electromyogram (EMG) channel, and tri-axial accelerometer signals. Contrary to conventional Holter monitors, the armband-based ECG device is convenient for long-term daily life monitoring because it uses no obstructive leads and has dry electrodes (no hydrogels), which do not cause skin irritation even after a few days. Principal component analysis (PCA) and normalized least mean squares (NLMS) adaptive filtering were used to reduce the EMG noise from the ECG channels. An artifact detector and an optimal channel selector were developed based on a support vector machine (SVM) classifier with a radial basis function (RBF) kernel using features that are related to the ECG signal quality. Mean HR was estimated from the 24-hour armband recordings from 16 volunteers in segments of 10 seconds each. In addition, four classical HR variability (HRV) parameters (SDNN, RMSSD, and powers at low and high frequency bands) were computed. For comparison purposes, the same parameters were estimated also for data from a commercial Holter monitor. The armband provided usable data (difference less than 10% from Holter-estimated mean HR) during 75.25%/11.02% (inter-subject median/interquartile range) of segments when the user was not in bed, and during 98.49%/0.79% of the bed segments. The automatic artifact detector found 53.85%/17.09% of the data to be usable during the non-bed time, and 95.00%/2.35% to be usable during the time in bed. The HRV analysis obtained a relative error with respect to the Holter data not higher than 1.37% (inter-subject median/interquartile range). Although further studies have to be conducted for specific applications, results suggest that the armband device has a good potential for daily life HR monitoring, especially for applications such as arrhythmia or seizure detection, stress assessment, or sleep studies.