Analysis of ischemic muscle in patients with peripheral artery disease using X-ray spectroscopy

• Published in: The Journal of surgical research Vol. 220; pp. 79 - 87
• Main Authors: Becker, Ryan A., Cluff, Kim, Duraisamy, Nithyanandhi, Casale, George P., Pipinos, Iraklis I.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.12.2017
• Subjects: Aged; Ankle Brachial Index; Atherosclerosis; Biopsy; Disease Progression; Electrolytes - analysis; Humans; Intermittent Claudication - diagnosis; Ischemia - diagnosis; Lower Extremity; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged; Muscle damage; Muscle, Striated - blood supply; Muscle, Striated - metabolism; Muscle, Striated - pathology; Muscle, Striated - ultrastructure; Peripheral Arterial Disease - complications; Peripheral Arterial Disease - diagnosis; Peripheral Arterial Disease - pathology; Risk Factors; Scanning electron microscopy; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; Vascular disease; X-ray microanalysis; Vascular disease; Scanning electron microscopy; X-ray microanalysis; Muscle damage; Atherosclerosis
• ISSN: 0022-4804; 1095-8673; 1095-8673
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.06.073

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis, resulting in decreased blood flow to the lower extremities. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a standard PAD diagnostic test but only identifies reduced blood flow based on blood pressure differences. The early signs of PAD manifest themselves not only at a clinical level but also at an elemental and biochemical level. However, the biochemical and elemental alterations to PAD muscle are not well understood. The objective of this study was to compare fundamental changes in intracellular elemental compositions between control, claudicating, and critical limb ischemia muscle tissue. Gastrocnemius biopsies from three subjects including one control (ABI ≥ 0.9), one claudicating (0.4 ≤ ABI < 0.9), and one critical limb ischemia patient (ABI < 0.4) were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to quantify differences in elemental compositions. Spectra were collected for five myofibers per specimen. An analysis of variance was performed to identify significant differences in muscle elemental compositions. This study revealed that intracellular magnesium and calcium were lower in PAD compared with control myofibers, whereas sulfur was higher. Magnesium and calcium are antagonistic, meaning, if magnesium concentrations go down calcium concentrations should go up. However, our findings do not support this antagonism in PAD. Our analysis found decreases in sodium and potassium, in PAD myofibers. These findings may provide insight into the pathologic mechanisms that may operate in ischemic muscle and aid in the development of specialized preventive and rehabilitative treatment plans for PAD patients.