Political Ecologies of War and Forests: Counterinsurgencies and the Making of National Natures

• Published in: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 101; no. 3; pp. 587 - 608
• Main Authors: Peluso, Nancy Lee, Vandergeest, Peter
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC Taylor & Francis Group 01.05.2011; Association of American Geographers; Taylor & Francis Ltd
• Subjects: Agroforestry; Bgi / Prodig; Cold War; Conservation; contrainsurgencia; Counterinsurgency; Discourses; ecología política de bosques; ecología política de guerra; Environmental security; Forest areas; Forest ecology; Forest management; Forestry; Forestry policy; Forests; Guerra Fría; Human geography; Insurgency; Intelligence gathering; junglas; Jungles; Nation state; National security; Nature; Nature and Society; Political and economic geography; Political ecology; political ecology of forests; political ecology of war; Political geography; Political violence; Politics; Rhetoric; State forests; Territoriality; territorialización; territorialization; Territories; War; 丛林; 冷战; 地域化; 战争的政治生态; 森林的政治生态; 镇压叛乱; Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia; Territorialisation; Army; Ethnic minority; Forest policy; Twentieth Century; Political ecology; Violence; Forest; Political geography; Land policy; Nation-state
• ISSN: 0004-5608; 2469-4452; 1467-8306; 2469-4460
• DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2011.560064

We examine the significance of a specific type of political violence-counterinsurgency-in the making of political forests, providing a link between literatures on the political ecology of forests and the geographies of war. During the Cold War, particularly between the 1950s and the end of the 1970s, natures were remade in relation to nation-states in part through engagements with "insurgencies" and "emergencies" staged from forested territories. These insurgencies represented alternative civilizing projects to those of the nascent nation-states; they also took place in historical moments and sites where the reach of centrifically focused nations was still tentative. We argue that war, insurgency, and counterinsurgency helped normalize political forests as components of the modern nation-state during and in the aftermath of violence. The political violence also enabled state-based forestry to expand under the rubric of scientific forestry. Military counterinsurgency operations contributed to the practical and political separation of forests and agriculture, furthered and created newly racialized state forests and citizen-subjects, and facilitated the transfer of technologies to forestry departments. The crisis rhetoric of environmental security around "jungles," as dangerous spaces peopled with suspect populations, particularly near international borders, articulated with conservation and other national security discourses that emerged concurrently. Counterinsurgency measures thus strengthened the territorial power and reach of national states by extending its political forests.