Urinary volatile organic compounds as potential biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma

• Published in: Biomedical reports Vol. 5; no. 1; pp. 68 - 72
• Main Authors: WANG, DONGCHUN, WANG, CHANGSONG, PI, XIN, GUO, LEI, WANG, YUE, LI, MINGJUAN, FENG, YUE, LIN, ZIWEI, HOU, WEI, LI, ENYOU
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England D.A. Spandidos 01.07.2016; Spandidos Publications; Spandidos Publications UK Ltd
• Subjects: 1-Hexanol; Abdomen; Age; Aniline; biomarker; Biomarkers; Carcinoma, Renal cell; Cellular biology; Colorectal cancer; Cyclohexanone; Cyclopropane; diagnosis; Diagnostic systems; Discriminant analysis; Hexanol; Kidney diseases; Kidney transplantation; Liver cancer; Males; Medical imaging; Metabolism; Metabolites; Nephrectomy; Organic compounds; Patients; Phenols; Principal components analysis; Renal cell carcinoma; Software; Studies; Styrene; Tetradecane; Urine; VOCs; volatile organic compound; Volatile organic compounds; diagnosis; renal cell carcinoma; biomarker; volatile organic compound; urine
• ISSN: 2049-9434; 2049-9442
• DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.686

Currently, there is no adequate, sensitive, reproducible, specific and noninvasive biomarker that can reliably be used to detect renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Previous studies have elucidated the urinary non-volatile metabolic profile of RCC. However, whether urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles are able to identify RCC remains to be elucidated. In the present study, urine was collected from 22 patients with RCC and 25 healthy subjects. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis were used to compare the data of patients and healthy subjects, and preoperative and postoperative patients undergoing radical nephrectomy. In total, 11 VOC biomarkers were elevated in the RCC patients compared to the healthy subjects, which were phenol; decanal; 1,6-dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione; 1-bromo-1-(3-methyl-1-pentenylidene)-2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropane; nonanal; 3-ethyl-3-methylheptane; isolongifolene-5-ol; 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl); tetradecane; aniline; and 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-pentadecane. Three biomarkers were decreased in RCC patients: styrene, 4-heptanone and dimethylsilanediol. In preoperative patients, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and cyclohexanone were elevated, while 6-t-butyl-2,2,9,9-tetramethyl-3,5-decadien-7-yne were decreased when compared to postoperative patients. Compared with the healthy subjects, RCC has a unique VOC profile, suggesting that VOC profiles may be a useful diagnostic assay for RCC.