Gardnerella and vaginal health: the truth is out there

The human vagina is a dynamic ecosystem in which homeostasis depends on mutually beneficial interactions between the host and their microorganisms. However, the vaginal ecosystem can be thrown off balance by a wide variety of factors. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in	FEMS microbiology reviews Vol. 44; no. 1; pp. 73 - 105
Main Authors	Rosca, Aliona S, Castro, Joana, Sousa, Lúcia G V, Cerca, Nuno
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	England Oxford University Press 01.01.2020
Subjects	Anaerobic bacteria Antimicrobial agents Bacteria Biofilms Disease transmission Etiology Homeostasis Infection Microbiota Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms) Microorganisms Niches Sexually transmitted diseases STD Vagina Vaginosis microbial interactions vaginal biofilms antimicrobial tolerance bacterial vaginosis Gardnerella spp STIs
Online Access	Get full text
ISSN	0168-6445 1574-6976 1574-6976
DOI	10.1093/femsre/fuz027

Cover

Abstract	The human vagina is a dynamic ecosystem in which homeostasis depends on mutually beneficial interactions between the host and their microorganisms. However, the vaginal ecosystem can be thrown off balance by a wide variety of factors. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age but its etiology is not yet fully understood, with different controversial theories being raised over the years. What is generally accepted is that BV is often characterized by a shift in the composition of the normal vaginal microbiota, from a Lactobacillus species dominated microbiota to a mixture of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. During BV, a polymicrobial biofilm develops in the vaginal microenvironment, being mainly composed of Gardnerella species. The interactions between vaginal microorganisms are thought to play a pivotal role in the shift from health to disease and might also increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections acquisition. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the specific interactions that occur in the vaginal niche and discuss mechanisms by which these interactions might be mediated. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of novel strategies to fight chronic vaginal infections.
AbstractList	The human vagina is a dynamic ecosystem in which homeostasis depends on mutually beneficial interactions between the host and their microorganisms. However, the vaginal ecosystem can be thrown off balance by a wide variety of factors. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age but its etiology is not yet fully understood, with different controversial theories being raised over the years. What is generally accepted is that BV is often characterized by a shift in the composition of the normal vaginal microbiota, from a Lactobacillus species dominated microbiota to a mixture of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. During BV, a polymicrobial biofilm develops in the vaginal microenvironment, being mainly composed of Gardnerella species. The interactions between vaginal microorganisms are thought to play a pivotal role in the shift from health to disease and might also increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections acquisition. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the specific interactions that occur in the vaginal niche and discuss mechanisms by which these interactions might be mediated. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of novel strategies to fight chronic vaginal infections. Keywords: bacterial vaginosis; STIs; Gardnerella spp.; vaginal biofilms; microbial interactions; antimicrobial tolerance The human vagina is a dynamic ecosystem in which homeostasis depends on mutually beneficial interactions between the host and their microorganisms. However, the vaginal ecosystem can be thrown off balance by a wide variety of factors. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age but its etiology is not yet fully understood, with different controversial theories being raised over the years. What is generally accepted is that BV is often characterized by a shift in the composition of the normal vaginal microbiota, from a Lactobacillus species dominated microbiota to a mixture of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. During BV, a polymicrobial biofilm develops in the vaginal microenvironment, being mainly composed of Gardnerella species. The interactions between vaginal microorganisms are thought to play a pivotal role in the shift from health to disease and might also increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections acquisition. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the specific interactions that occur in the vaginal niche and discuss mechanisms by which these interactions might be mediated. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of novel strategies to fight chronic vaginal infections. The human vagina is a dynamic ecosystem in which homeostasis depends on mutually beneficial interactions between the host and their microorganisms. However, the vaginal ecosystem can be thrown off balance by a wide variety of factors. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age but its etiology is not yet fully understood, with different controversial theories being raised over the years. What is generally accepted is that BV is often characterized by a shift in the composition of the normal vaginal microbiota, from a Lactobacillus species dominated microbiota to a mixture of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. During BV, a polymicrobial biofilm develops in the vaginal microenvironment, being mainly composed of Gardnerella species. The interactions between vaginal microorganisms are thought to play a pivotal role in the shift from health to disease and might also increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections acquisition. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the specific interactions that occur in the vaginal niche and discuss mechanisms by which these interactions might be mediated. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of novel strategies to fight chronic vaginal infections.The human vagina is a dynamic ecosystem in which homeostasis depends on mutually beneficial interactions between the host and their microorganisms. However, the vaginal ecosystem can be thrown off balance by a wide variety of factors. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age but its etiology is not yet fully understood, with different controversial theories being raised over the years. What is generally accepted is that BV is often characterized by a shift in the composition of the normal vaginal microbiota, from a Lactobacillus species dominated microbiota to a mixture of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. During BV, a polymicrobial biofilm develops in the vaginal microenvironment, being mainly composed of Gardnerella species. The interactions between vaginal microorganisms are thought to play a pivotal role in the shift from health to disease and might also increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections acquisition. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the specific interactions that occur in the vaginal niche and discuss mechanisms by which these interactions might be mediated. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of novel strategies to fight chronic vaginal infections.
Audience	Academic
Author	Sousa, Lúcia G V Castro, Joana Cerca, Nuno Rosca, Aliona S
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Aliona S surname: Rosca fullname: Rosca, Aliona S organization: Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal – sequence: 2 givenname: Joana surname: Castro fullname: Castro, Joana organization: Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal – sequence: 3 givenname: Lúcia G V surname: Sousa fullname: Sousa, Lúcia G V organization: Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal – sequence: 4 givenname: Nuno orcidid: 0000-0003-3365-3537 surname: Cerca fullname: Cerca, Nuno organization: Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31697363$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark	eNptkc9LHDEYhoModd326LUMeGkPo8kkk0y8ibRWEArVnsNn5pvdyPywSaa0_ev7LavIiuQQCM_78obniO2P04iMHQt-KriVZx0OKeJZN__jldljC1EbVWpr9D5bcKGbUitVH7KjlB4457Wt63fsUAoipJYLpq8gtiNG7HsoYGyL37AKI_TFGqHP6_Mir7HIcc7rIqRimvPmIeJ7dtBBn_DD071kP79-ubv8Vt58v7q-vLgpvVI2l7XqpLRouGylqCQoqLmX1hhTG66rRnspGi7vKys8Vhq06ThHVQGlbeOlXLJP297HOP2aMWU3hOQ3Y0ec5uQqqqUCqQyhJ6_Qh2mO9BWiFFdKKKuaF2oFPbowdlOO4Del7sJwTrsErV2y0zcoOi0OwZOALtD7TuDzToCYjH_yCuaU3PXtj13249PQ-X7A1j3GMED8656lECC3gI9TIrmd8yFDDtQZIfROcLdR77bq3VY9pcpXqefit_n_OwiszQ
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2020_00305 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2024_1401610 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms23179554 crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms11092186 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12866_024_03709_3 crossref_primary_10_1128_jcm_00837_22 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2022_1009798 crossref_primary_10_1097_QAI_0000000000002884 crossref_primary_10_22207_JPAM_18_1_28 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2022_1000822 crossref_primary_10_1111_cyt_12846 crossref_primary_10_3390_antibiotics11050558 crossref_primary_10_1136_annrheumdis_2020_217264 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41522_023_00411_6 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2021_779376 crossref_primary_10_1111_apm_13356 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm12155069 crossref_primary_10_1055_a_2169_8539 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compbiolchem_2020_107381 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_08217_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s00248_024_02433_9 crossref_primary_10_2147_IJWH_S406596 crossref_primary_10_1128_IAI_00583_20 crossref_primary_10_1002_ptr_7123 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmed_2020_00284 crossref_primary_10_3390_pathogens10030261 crossref_primary_10_1080_14656566_2022_2082285 crossref_primary_10_37489_0235_2990_2023_68_9_10_93_101 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00129_024_05315_w crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2021_568178 crossref_primary_10_1111_1751_7915_14261 crossref_primary_10_1002_cbdv_202300068 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00248_021_01917_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bioflm_2024_100247 crossref_primary_10_3390_venereology3030010 crossref_primary_10_38136_jgon_797063 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mimet_2022_106421 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2020_00083 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_72036 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00129_024_05223_z crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2022_858155 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_diagmicrobio_2024_116349 crossref_primary_10_3389_frph_2023_1100029 crossref_primary_10_3238_arztebl_m2023_0090 crossref_primary_10_3390_pathogens13100906 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_csbj_2020_10_033 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_62947_7 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12879_023_08908_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_csbj_2021_05_020 crossref_primary_10_3390_gels9040293 crossref_primary_10_1002_rfc2_99 crossref_primary_10_3390_pathogens10020247 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mimet_2024_106895 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2021_761153
Cites_doi	10.1002/ajp.22378 10.1097/00007435-200201000-00010 10.1007/BF01962348 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.04.001 10.1371/journal.pone.0174669 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.060 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000118 10.1155/2008/181253 10.1055/s-0035-1545909 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01087.x 10.1038/ismej.2013.194 10.1128/JCM.40.5.1581-1586.2002 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00053 10.1155/2012/284762 10.1099/mic.0.26905-0 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90339-K 10.1093/cid/cir183 10.1128/AAC.00650-17 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.074 10.1089/aid.2018.0304 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01887.x 10.1093/infdis/jiw159 10.2217/fmb-2016-0184 10.1186/s40168-016-0161-6 10.1073/pnas.1000086107 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90097-X 10.1155/2008/549640 10.1128/JCM.02085-06 10.1186/1471-2334-4-5 10.5812/jjm.22913 10.1186/s13073-016-0307-y 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000450 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.04.001 10.1097/01.olq.0000175396.10304.62 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.10.031 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32714-1 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01279.x 10.3390/ijms140612004 10.1016/S0002-9378(00)70338-3 10.1111/2049-632X.12129 10.1086/506621 10.1007/s11904-015-0269-5 10.1017/S0950268800061835 10.1007/s00253-017-8659-9 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201603-194FR 10.1093/infdis/jit664 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181ca3cac 10.4103/0974-777X.56254 10.1099/mic.0.034280-0 10.1128/JCM.43.9.4607-4612.2005 10.1186/s13063-015-0852-5 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.05.010 10.1016/j.jri.2011.01.005 10.1177/0394632017697987 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00359 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.08.001 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000559 10.1086/429622 10.1080/10408410902809431 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90337-I 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003605 10.1067/mob.2002.123987 10.4172/2157-7536.1000106 10.1155/2010/976024 10.1177/0956462418785451 10.1093/clinids/21.2.443-a 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283021a37 10.1007/s10517-016-3549-1 10.1093/infdis/jiv338 10.1128/CMR.5.3.213 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.019 10.1099/jmm.0.007781-0 10.1038/nrmicro2381 10.1016/0002-9378(55)90095-8 10.1016/S1286-4579(99)80024-0 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.09.019 10.1186/s12884-016-1073-y 10.1007/s11908-013-0318-4 10.1016/j.cll.2014.08.006 10.1097/IPC.0000000000000565 10.1186/2049-2618-2-4 10.1136/sti.77.1.63 10.1159/000239571 10.1099/jmm.0.041962-0 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.11.040 10.1159/000339155 10.1159/000314015 10.1007/s00203-016-1336-z 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1991.tb01253.x 10.1186/1476-0711-5-4 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.006 10.1093/femspd/ftv018 10.1128/JCM.26.6.1130-1133.1988 10.1371/journal.pone.0181135 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34474-7 10.1007/s10096-015-2564-x 10.1007/s00203-014-1003-1 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94 10.1093/clinids/18.1.125 10.1055/s-0031-1296178 10.1186/s12905-015-0246-6 10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9 10.1111/aji.12264 10.1007/s00404-009-1241-7 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.02.001 10.1007/s00404-014-3484-1 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.04.020 10.1086/315713 10.1371/journal.pone.0037818 10.1177/1933719113503416 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.067 10.1093/femspd/ftz059 10.1097/00007435-200303000-00016 10.1128/JCM.03104-15 10.1016/j.ejr.2013.12.008 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182631c79 10.1093/infdis/jiu459 10.1111/2049-632X.12020 10.1002/yea.3066 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002478 10.1093/infdis/jit047 10.1093/infdis/jiw003 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.076 10.1128/JCM.01545-07 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.08.002 10.4103/2277-9175.124626 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.008 10.2174/1874285801812010218 10.1080/1040841X.2017.1306688 10.7717/peerj.780 10.1016/j.bj.2017.06.008 10.1111/aji.12230 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001632 10.1080/21645515.2016.1276138 10.1128/JCM.01969-12 10.1093/cid/ciy554 10.1093/infdis/jiz342 10.1093/infdis/jix088 10.1128/JCM.39.11.4026-4031.2001 10.1128/mBio.01548-19 10.1128/IAI.00141-19 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.027 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01528 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04977.x 10.1371/journal.pone.0154086 10.3109/08830185.2010.529976 10.2147/IJWH.S23814 10.1128/AAC.6.6.691 10.1002/hep.22881 10.1159/000057731 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.11.002 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.00432.x 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm1130201.x 10.1067/mob.2000.107735 10.1371/journal.pone.0136658 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.016 10.1128/IAI.00532-19 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01221.x 10.1186/1471-2334-11-10 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.003 10.1371/journal.pone.0054379 10.1586/14787210.2014.887440 10.1136/sextrans-2018-053824 10.1016/S0966-842X(02)00034-3 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.07.007 10.1093/infdis/175.2.406 10.1080/09513590600647441 10.1086/367658 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02852.x 10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150157 10.1007/s12602-008-9003-6 10.7326/0003-4819-148-3-200802050-00008 10.1189/jlb.0609382 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.013 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30103-8 10.1038/cmi.2014.41 10.1136/sti.2003.007161 10.1086/508497 10.1136/sti.58.2.127 10.1155/2013/909354 10.1093/infdis/jiu131 10.1093/infdis/jiu330 10.1097/01.AOG.0000183594.45524.d2 10.1128/mBio.01397-19 10.1186/2049-2618-1-12 10.1001/jama.1986.03380140106032 10.1007/s101230100003 10.1007/s00404-012-2447-7 10.1128/AAC.04650-14 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.016 10.1086/324445 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60917-9 10.1099/0022-1317-49-6-543 10.1258/ijsa.2011.011012 10.1099/jmm.0.019794-0 10.1155/2019/1672109 10.3390/ijms19113487 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.10.008 10.1097/IPC.0000000000000622 10.1093/femspd/fty089 10.1002/rmv.2054 10.1155/S1064744901000060 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051225 10.1093/aje/kwi243 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.149 10.1371/journal.pone.0028180 10.1038/mi.2015.86 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.06.039 10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.11.005 10.3390/ijms20020266 10.1007/s11046-011-9458-y 10.1371/journal.pone.0063514 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.014 10.1080/1040841X.2017.1291579 10.1093/cid/ciy504 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052475 10.1155/2011/319460 10.1128/mBio.00589-15 10.1128/JB.01439-13 10.1093/femspd/ftw007 10.1038/s41522-017-0012-7 10.1128/CMR.00075-15 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.07.002 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051052 10.1128/AAC.31.2.249 10.5402/2012/183403 10.1258/ijsa.2007.007260 10.1128/MMBR.00013-14 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00327 10.1086/648092 10.1128/AAC.05861-11 10.1080/01443619750114266 10.1371/journal.pone.0215476 10.1086/503780 10.1111/1471-0528.12518 10.1056/NEJMoa043802 10.7150/ijms.6304 10.1186/s12866-015-0608-0 10.1101/cshperspect.a000398 10.1128/JCM.29.2.297-301.1991 10.1186/1471-2334-10-81 10.1097/LGT.0b013e31829156ec 10.1093/jac/16.2.189 10.1099/ijsem.0.003200 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318156a5d0 10.3389/fendo.2018.00568 10.1128/AAC.01623-10 10.1128/AAC.00657-09 10.1093/cid/ciu1130 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.00970.x 10.1111/jmwh.13013 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001741 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000075 10.1093/humupd/dmu065 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32835c20cd 10.1128/JCM.00558-07 10.1016/j.tim.2017.07.008 10.1128/JCM.01854-08 10.1371/journal.pone.0011139 10.1093/cid/ciw200 10.1371/journal.pone.0080074 10.1186/s13071-017-2009-8 10.1093/infdis/160.3.490 10.1186/1471-2334-13-480 10.1371/journal.pone.0093419 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.04.004 10.1517/14656566.2015.1035255 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00162.x 10.1093/epirev/mxf008 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01234 10.1371/journal.pone.0127091 10.1128/JCM.00342-18 10.1080/14760584.2018.1417044 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.03.016 10.1097/IPC.0000000000000516 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05418.x 10.1016/S0163-4453(89)93642-6 10.1086/522532 10.1517/17530059.2013.753876 10.1080/09513590.2017.1407753 10.1371/journal.pone.0151794 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31823ea228 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00188 10.1371/journal.pone.0053997 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00376 10.1128/IAI.67.10.5170-5175.1999 10.1128/JCM.01272-07 10.1038/s41396-018-0337-0 10.1080/09273940802491876 10.1038/sj.jp.7210757 10.1258/ijsa.2010.009574 10.1186/1471-2334-6-51 10.3389/fmed.2018.00181 10.1093/infdis/jiv017 10.1016/S0301-2115(02)00432-3 10.1155/2018/1426109 10.1186/1471-2334-11-200 10.1080/01443610701194846 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.01.004 10.1136/sti.77.6.402 10.3390/scipharm85010005 10.1007/s10096-016-2584-1 10.1177/1933719111418379 10.1371/journal.pone.0060670 10.1002/(SICI)1098-0997(1999)7:3<169::AID-IDOG10>3.0.CO;2-J 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90078-6 10.1186/1471-2180-14-53 10.1016/S0163-4453(83)97223-7 10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0012-2012 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_01.x 10.1128/JCM.18.1.170-177.1983 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.12.003 10.1055/s-0031-1296346 10.1128/JCM.27.5.1132-1134.1989 10.1007/s00404-009-1072-6 10.1086/462430 10.1172/JCI109382 10.1038/srep11640 10.1016/j.femsim.2005.03.004 10.1097/IPC.0000000000000464 10.1093/infdis/jiy704 10.2105/AJPH.91.10.1664 10.1093/humrep/deh775 10.4103/0970-9371.188050 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181788301 10.4103/0253-7613.93859 10.1186/1471-2334-11-223 10.1007/s15010-002-2001-9 10.1186/s40168-018-0418-3 10.1055/s-0031-1296197 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.017 10.1086/592974 10.1038/sj.embor.7400195 10.1093/infdis/jiw121 10.1067/mob.2000.108857 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70181-6 10.7861/clinmedicine.18-3-237 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06041.x 10.1186/s12905-019-0723-4 10.1136/sti.2002.002733 10.1371/journal.pone.0171856 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00374 10.1097/01.JAA.0000526770.60197.fa 10.1073/pnas.1002611107 10.1086/427777 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02933.x
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	FEMS 2019. COPYRIGHT 2020 Oxford University Press
Copyright_xml	– notice: FEMS 2019. – notice: COPYRIGHT 2020 Oxford University Press
DBID	AAYXX CITATION NPM ISR 3V. 7QL 7T7 7U9 7X7 7XB 88E 8FD 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AEUYN AFKRA AZQEC BBNVY BENPR BHPHI C1K CCPQU DWQXO FR3 FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ H94 HCIFZ K9. LK8 M0S M1P M7N M7P P64 PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS RC3 7X8
DOI	10.1093/femsre/fuz027
DatabaseName	CrossRef PubMed Gale In Context: Science ProQuest Central (Corporate) Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B) Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A) Virology and AIDS Abstracts Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) Technology Research Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Natural Science Collection Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest One Sustainability ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials Biological Science Collection ProQuest Central Natural Science Collection Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Korea Engineering Research Database Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Biological Science Collection ProQuest Health & Medical Collection Medical Database Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) Biological Science Database Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China Genetics Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef PubMed ProQuest Central Student Technology Research Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest Natural Science Collection ProQuest Central China Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management ProQuest Central ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Sustainability ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Genetics Abstracts Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) Natural Science Collection ProQuest Central Korea Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B) Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) Health & Medical Research Collection Biological Science Collection AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A) ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) Virology and AIDS Abstracts ProQuest Biological Science Collection ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) Biological Science Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition Engineering Research Database ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	PubMed MEDLINE - Academic CrossRef ProQuest Central Student
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518 sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Biology
EISSN	1574-6976
EndPage	105
ExternalDocumentID	A700757170 31697363 10_1093_femsre_fuz027
Genre	Journal Article
GroupedDBID	--- -~X .3N .GA 0R~ 10A 1OC 29H 36B 4.4 48X 50Y 50Z 51W 51X 52M 52N 52O 52P 52S 52T 52W 52X 53G 5GY 5HH 5LA 5VS 66C 702 7PT 7X7 8-0 8-1 8-3 8-4 8-5 88E 8CJ 8FE 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8UM 930 A03 AAHBH AAIMJ AAMDB AAMVS AAOGV AAPQZ AAPXW AARHZ AAUQX AAVAP AAYXX ABCQN ABEJV ABEUO ABGNP ABIXL ABLJU ABPTD ABQLI ABUWG ABXVV ABXZS ACFRR ACGFO ACGFS ACPRK ACUFI ACUTJ ADBBV ADEZT ADGKP ADGZP ADHKW ADHZD ADQBN ADRTK ADVEK ADYVW AEGPL AEJOX AEKSI AELWJ AEMDU AENEX AENZO AEPUE AETBJ AEUYN AEWNT AFFZL AFGWE AFIYH AFKRA AFOFC AFRAH AFYAG AGINJ AGSYK AHGBF AHMBA AJEEA AKRWK AKWXX ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALUQC ALXQX AMNDL APIBT APWMN ARIXL AVWKF AXUDD AYOIW AZBYB BAFTC BAYMD BBNVY BENPR BEYMZ BHONS BHPHI BPHCQ BQDIO BSWAC BVXVI BY8 C45 CCPQU CDBKE CITATION CS3 D-E D-F D1J DAKXR DCZOG DILTD DR2 DU5 EBS EDH EMB F00 F01 F04 F5P FDB FHSFR FLUFQ FOEOM FYUFA G-S G.N GAUVT GJXCC H.T H.X H13 HAR HCIFZ HMCUK HZI HZ~ IAG IAO IEP IHR ISR ITC IX1 J0M J21 JXSIZ K48 KAQDR KBUDW KOP KSI KSN LC2 LC3 LH4 LK8 LP6 LP7 M1P M7P MK4 N04 N05 N9A NF~ NLBLG NOMLY NU- O9- OAWHX ODMLO OIG OJQWA OK1 OVD P2P P2X P4D PAFKI PEELM PHGZM PHGZT PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO Q.N Q11 Q5Y QB0 R.K ROL ROZ RPM RUSNO RX1 RXO TEORI TLC TOX UB1 UKHRP V8K W8V W99 WH7 WQJ XG1 YAYTL YKOAZ YXANX ZCN ZMT ~02 ~IA ~KM ~WT ADRIX AFXEN BCRHZ NPM ROX PMFND 3V. 7QL 7T7 7U9 7XB 8FD 8FK A8Z AZQEC C1K DWQXO FR3 GNUQQ H94 K9. M7N P64 PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQGLB PQUKI PRINS PUEGO RC3 7X8
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c449t-54f339e703d3123a4a50c397775706286c31803b291ce26a67f00e42a44998c33
IEDL.DBID	7X7
ISSN	0168-6445 1574-6976
IngestDate	Fri Sep 05 11:51:19 EDT 2025 Fri Sep 19 20:55:38 EDT 2025 Tue Jun 17 21:24:00 EDT 2025 Tue Jun 10 20:24:27 EDT 2025 Fri Jun 27 03:59:19 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:31:29 EST 2025 Tue Jul 01 01:56:21 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:53:09 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	false
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	1
Keywords	microbial interactions vaginal biofilms antimicrobial tolerance bacterial vaginosis Gardnerella spp STIs
Language	English
License	https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model FEMS 2019.
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c449t-54f339e703d3123a4a50c397775706286c31803b291ce26a67f00e42a44998c33
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ORCID	0000-0003-3365-3537
OpenAccessLink	http://hdl.handle.net/1822/68625
PMID	31697363
PQID	2404414948
PQPubID	986349
PageCount	33
ParticipantIDs	proquest_miscellaneous_2312803347 proquest_journals_2404414948 gale_infotracmisc_A700757170 gale_infotracacademiconefile_A700757170 gale_incontextgauss_ISR_A700757170 pubmed_primary_31697363 crossref_citationtrail_10_1093_femsre_fuz027 crossref_primary_10_1093_femsre_fuz027
ProviderPackageCode	CITATION AAYXX
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2020-01-01 2020-Jan-01 20200101
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2020-01-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 01 year: 2020 text: 2020-01-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	England
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: England – name: Delft
PublicationTitle	FEMS microbiology reviews
PublicationTitleAlternate	FEMS Microbiol Rev
PublicationYear	2020
Publisher	Oxford University Press
Publisher_xml	– name: Oxford University Press
References	Stapleton (2021041602142037700_bib309) 2011; 52 Atashili (2021041602142037700_bib20) 2008; 22 Cherpes (2021041602142037700_bib70) 2005; 40 Uchihashi (2021041602142037700_bib341) 2015; 77 Weissenbacher (2021041602142037700_bib355) 2010; 281 Orfanelli (2021041602142037700_bib245) 2014; 21 Criswell (2021041602142037700_bib77) 1969; 33 Farage (2021041602142037700_bib97) 2011; 2 Yoon (2021041602142037700_bib372) 2010; 21 Muzny (2021041602142037700_bib227) 2013; 15 Schwebke (2021041602142037700_bib283) 2005; 32 Pointer (2021041602142037700_bib257) 2015; 32 López (2021041602142037700_bib190) 2010; 2 Falconi-McCahill (2021041602142037700_bib96) 2019 Harmanli (2021041602142037700_bib130) 2000; 95 Aroutcheva (2021041602142037700_bib19) 2001; 9 Nelson (2021041602142037700_bib232) 2002; 24 Onderdonk (2021041602142037700_bib244) 2016; 29 Wiesenfeld (2021041602142037700_bib358) 2003; 36 Braga (2021041602142037700_bib46) 2011; 60 Stubbendieck (2021041602142037700_bib312) 2016; 7 Bradshaw (2021041602142037700_bib43) 2016; 214 Machado (2021041602142037700_bib194) 2015; 212 Caliendo (2021041602142037700_bib54) 2002; 40 Brotman (2021041602142037700_bib48) 2012; 39 Fredricks (2021041602142037700_bib111) 2007; 45 Patterson (2021041602142037700_bib250) 2010; 156 Zhou (2021041602142037700_bib376) 2004; 150 Mehriardestani (2021041602142037700_bib213) 2017; 88 Casadevall (2021041602142037700_bib57) 2019; 10 Machado (2021041602142037700_bib197) 2016; 6 von Rosenvinge (2021041602142037700_bib274) 2013; 67 Bump (2021041602142037700_bib52) 1988; 158 Hinderfeld (2021041602142037700_bib140) 2019; 87 Martin (2021041602142037700_bib207) 2012; 343 Valenti (2021041602142037700_bib342) 2018; 9 De Backer (2021041602142037700_bib26) 2006; 6 Ferris (2021041602142037700_bib100) 2007; 45 Schwiertz (2021041602142037700_bib285) 2006; 5 Hilbert (2021041602142037700_bib136) 2016; 54 Petrosky (2021041602142037700_bib255) 2015; 64 De Backer (2021041602142037700_bib25) 2010; 16 Castro (2021041602142037700_bib63) 2016; 74 McKinnon (2021041602142037700_bib210) 2019; 35 Romero (2021041602142037700_bib273) 2014; 2 Livengood (2021041602142037700_bib186) 2009; 2 Dingens (2021041602142037700_bib82) 2016; 16 Polatti (2021041602142037700_bib259) 2006; 22 Perez (2021041602142037700_bib252) 2014; 70 Papanikolaou (2021041602142037700_bib249) 2002; 30 Haddad (2021041602142037700_bib125) 2018; 32 Scott (2021041602142037700_bib286) 1989; 135 Setzer (2021041602142037700_bib289) 2017; 85 Schwebke (2021041602142037700_bib280) 1997; 73 Kumar (2021041602142037700_bib170) 2011; 30 Macklaim (2021041602142037700_bib201) 2011; 108 Wei (2021041602142037700_bib354) 2012; 56 Mendes-Soares (2021041602142037700_bib215) 2014; 196 Novakov Mikic (2021041602142037700_bib237) 2010; 282 Sturm-Ramirez (2021041602142037700_bib313) 2000; 182 Alves (2021041602142037700_bib9) 2014; 210 Gajer (2021041602142037700_bib113) 2012; 4 Allsworth (2021041602142037700_bib8) 2011; 205 Hymes (2021041602142037700_bib148) 2013; 207 Eschenbach (2021041602142037700_bib95) 1988; 158 Fredricks (2021041602142037700_bib110) 2005; 353 Nguyen (2021041602142037700_bib235) 2014; 11 Hardy (2021041602142037700_bib127) 2017; 168 Hardy (2021041602142037700_bib129) 2015; 10 González-Bello (2021041602142037700_bib120) 2017; 27 Reid (2021041602142037700_bib269) 2019; 9 Bautista (2021041602142037700_bib32) 2017; 52 Larsson (2021041602142037700_bib174) 2005; 113 Hill (2021041602142037700_bib138) 2019 Tachedjian (2021041602142037700_bib327) 2018; 6 Backus (2021041602142037700_bib27) 2017; 44 Sutyak Noll (2021041602142037700_bib318) 2012; 56 Jones (2021041602142037700_bib154) 1985; 16 Leccese Terraf (2021041602142037700_bib177) 2017; 199 Nagy (2021041602142037700_bib230) 1991; 99 Pritchard (2021041602142037700_bib261) 2018; 26 Weeks (2021041602142037700_bib353) 2019 Shah (2021041602142037700_bib292) 2017; 25 McLean (2021041602142037700_bib211) 2000; 49 Thulkar (2021041602142037700_bib333) 2012; 44 Sturm (2021041602142037700_bib314) 1989; 18 Flórez (2021041602142037700_bib106) 1994; 18 Macklaim (2021041602142037700_bib200) 2013; 1 O'Hanlon (2021041602142037700_bib241) 2011; 11 Jakobsson (2021041602142037700_bib150) 2007; 45 Kremleva (2021041602142037700_bib168) 2016; 162 Wilson (2021041602142037700_bib362) 2004; 80 Esber (2021041602142037700_bib93) 2015; 212 Petersen (2021041602142037700_bib254) 2011; 61 Safrit (2021041602142037700_bib275) 2016; 34 Koch (2021041602142037700_bib163) 1876; 2 Schwebke (2021041602142037700_bib282) 2005; 192 Scully (2021041602142037700_bib287) 2004; 5 Bradshaw (2021041602142037700_bib44) 2006; 194 Buggio (2021041602142037700_bib51) 2019; 19 Spiegel (2021041602142037700_bib305) 1987; 31 Donders (2021041602142037700_bib85) 2017; 168 Oscáriz (2021041602142037700_bib246) 2001; 4 Wira (2021041602142037700_bib363) 2011; 65 Xie (2021041602142037700_bib368) 2017; 10 Lloyd-Price (2021041602142037700_bib187) 2016; 8 Filardo (2021041602142037700_bib104) 2019; 2019 Muzny (2021041602142037700_bib225) 2018; 218 Anukam (2021041602142037700_bib18) 2008; 20 Donders (2021041602142037700_bib84) 2000; 182 Lam (2021041602142037700_bib172) 1988; 26 Sobel (2021041602142037700_bib301) 2007; 369 Allsworth (2021041602142037700_bib7) 2008; 35 Forsum (2021041602142037700_bib108) 2005; 113 Merchant (2021041602142037700_bib216) 2019; 14 Morris (2021041602142037700_bib222) 2001; 77 Palmeira-de-Oliveira (2021041602142037700_bib248) 2015; 92 Svare (2021041602142037700_bib319) 2006; 113 Swidsinski (2021041602142037700_bib320) 2010; 70 Castro (2021041602142037700_bib59) 2015; 36 Döderlein (2021041602142037700_bib83) 1892 Torcia (2021041602142037700_bib337) 2019; 20 Bilardi (2021041602142037700_bib35) 2016; 11 Saunders (2021041602142037700_bib279) 2007; 55 Vodstrcil (2021041602142037700_bib349) 2017; 12 Aggarwal (2021041602142037700_bib2) 2008; 30 Donders (2021041602142037700_bib86) 2002; 109 Edwards (2021041602142037700_bib91) 2016; 42 Heczko (2021041602142037700_bib134) 2015; 15 Fichorova (2021041602142037700_bib103) 2013; 89 Josey (2021041602142037700_bib155) 2008; 19 Vieira-Baptista (2021041602142037700_bib348) 2016; 35 Van de Perre (2021041602142037700_bib253) 2008; 8 Borgdorff (2021041602142037700_bib38) 2016; 9 Tjabringa (2021041602142037700_bib335) 2005; 45 Ferris (2021041602142037700_bib99) 2004; 4 Srinivasan (2021041602142037700_bib308) 2012; 7 Li (2021041602142037700_bib182) 2012; 19 Sutton (2021041602142037700_bib317) 2007; 45 Wolrath (2021041602142037700_bib364) 2001; 39 Jung (2021041602142037700_bib156) 2017; 43 Stoyancheva (2021041602142037700_bib311) 2014; 196 Sha (2021041602142037700_bib291) 2005; 43 Hauser (2021041602142037700_bib132) 2016; 63 Zhang (2021041602142037700_bib375) 2016; 26 Anahtar (2021041602142037700_bib15) 2016; 42 Nightingale (2021041602142037700_bib236) 1986; 256 Homayouni (2021041602142037700_bib145) 2014; 18 Turovskiy (2021041602142037700_bib338) 2012; 2012 Xu (2021041602142037700_bib369) 2013; 2013 Edwards (2021041602142037700_bib92) 2019; 10 Verstraelen (2021041602142037700_bib346) 2013; 26 Xu (2021041602142037700_bib370) 2019; 29 Watson (2021041602142037700_bib351) 2014; 121 Cook (2021041602142037700_bib73) 1989; 160 Drell (2021041602142037700_bib89) 2013; 8 Boisvert (2021041602142037700_bib37) 2016; 13 Datcu (2021041602142037700_bib80) 2013; 13 Burgess (2021041602142037700_bib53) 1997; 17 Hafner (2021041602142037700_bib126) 2018; 17 Tachedjian (2021041602142037700_bib326) 2017; 168 Salah (2021041602142037700_bib277) 2013; 167 Gallo (2021041602142037700_bib114) 2012; 22 Huang (2021041602142037700_bib147) 2014; 34 Ma (2021041602142037700_bib192) 2012; 66 Nugeyre (2021041602142037700_bib239) 2019; 9 Amsel (2021041602142037700_bib14) 1983; 74 Atassi (2021041602142037700_bib23) 2010; 304 van de Wijgert (2021041602142037700_bib361) 2019 King (2021041602142037700_bib160) 2011; 2011 Wewalka (2021041602142037700_bib357) 2002; 204 Cox (2021041602142037700_bib76) 2016; 35 Eschenbach (2021041602142037700_bib94) 1993; 169 Macklaim (2021041602142037700_bib199) 2015; 26 Pybus (2021041602142037700_bib264) 1999; 1 Reid (2021041602142037700_bib268) 2018; 102 Matu (2021041602142037700_bib208) 2010; 16 Atassi (2021041602142037700_bib22) 2006; 48 Vallor (2021041602142037700_bib343) 2001; 184 Gibbs (2021041602142037700_bib116) 2007; 196 Luong (2021041602142037700_bib191) 2010; 32 Nugent (2021041602142037700_bib238) 1991; 29 Amabebe (2021041602142037700_bib11) 2018; 9 Togni (2021041602142037700_bib336) 2011; 55 Tankovic (2021041602142037700_bib329) 2017; 47 Gardner (2021041602142037700_bib115) 1955; 69 Kriebel (2021041602142037700_bib169) 2018; 9 Anderson (2021041602142037700_bib16) 2014; 71 Rickard (2021041602142037700_bib271) 2003; 11 Stewart (2021041602142037700_bib310) 2018; 26 Calvert (2021041602142037700_bib55) 2005; 51 Algburi (2021041602142037700_bib6) 2017; 61 Fethers (2021041602142037700_bib101) 2008; 47 Cardone (2021041602142037700_bib56) 2003; 55 Pyles (2021041602142037700_bib265) 2014; 9 Nygren (2021041602142037700_bib240) 2008; 148 Bagnall (2021041602142037700_bib28) 2017; 30 Olmsted (2021041602142037700_bib243) 2003; 30 Graham (2021041602142037700_bib123) 2009; 58 Lebeaux (2021041602142037700_bib176) 2014; 78 Ribet (2021041602142037700_bib270) 2015; 17 Amabebe (2021041602142037700_bib10) 2018; 5 Castro (2021041602142037700_bib61) 2013; 10 Fethers (2021041602142037700_bib102) 2009; 200 Machado (2021041602142037700_bib195) 2013; 14 Castro (2021041602142037700_bib58) 2015; 5 Machado (2021041602142037700_bib196) 2013; 23 Austin (2021041602142037700_bib24) 2015; 32 Moncla (2021041602142037700_bib220) 2015; 10 Hsu (2021041602142037700_bib146) 2017; 13 Swidsinski (2021041602142037700_bib325) 2013; 8 Sherrard (2021041602142037700_bib295) 2011; 22 Frobenius (2021041602142037700_bib112) 2015; 75 Zeron Mullins (2021041602142037700_bib374) 2015; 16 Sturm (2021041602142037700_bib315) 1983; 7 Menard (2021041602142037700_bib214) 2011; 3 Wertz (2021041602142037700_bib356) 2008; 2008 Doss (2021041602142037700_bib87) 2010; 87 Taherali (2021041602142037700_bib328) 2018; 124 Catlin (2021041602142037700_bib65) 1992; 5 Atassi (2021041602142037700_bib21) 2006; 101 Gosmann (2021041602142037700_bib121) 2017; 46 Gilbert (2021041602142037700_bib117
References_xml	– volume: 95 start-page: 710 year: 2000 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib130 article-title: Urinary tract infections in women with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Obs Gynecol – volume: 77 start-page: 563 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib341 article-title: Influence of age, reproductive cycling status, and menstruation on the vaginal microbiome in baboons (Papio anubis) publication-title: Am J Primatol doi: 10.1002/ajp.22378 – volume: 29 start-page: 59 year: 2002 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib284 article-title: Interrelationships of bacterial vaginosis and cervical inflammation publication-title: Sex Transm Dis doi: 10.1097/00007435-200201000-00010 – volume: 7 start-page: 406 year: 1988 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib33 article-title: Neonatal meningitis due to Gardnerella vaginalis publication-title: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis doi: 10.1007/BF01962348 – volume: 196 start-page: 495 year: 2007 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib116 article-title: Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis: is it time to treat? publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.04.001 – volume: 12 start-page: 1 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib272 article-title: Comparative gene expression analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 in planktonic and biofilms states publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174669 – volume: 205 start-page: 113.e1 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib8 article-title: Severity of bacterial vaginosis and the risk of sexually transmitted infection publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.060 – volume: 30 start-page: 547 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib31 article-title: Cytokines and mucosal immunity publication-title: Curr Opin Gastroenterol doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000118 – volume: 2008 start-page: 181253 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib356 article-title: Temporal shifts in microbial communities in nonpregnant African-American women with and without bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis doi: 10.1155/2008/181253 – volume: 75 start-page: 355 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib112 article-title: Diagnostic value of vaginal discharge, wet mount and vaginal pH - an update on the basics of gynecologic infectiology publication-title: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1545909 – volume: 113 start-page: 1419 year: 2006 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib319 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis in a cohort of Danish pregnant women: prevalence and relationship with preterm delivery, low birthweight and perinatal infections publication-title: BJOG doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01087.x – volume: 8 start-page: 894 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib179 article-title: Biofilm development and enhanced stress resistance of a model, mixed-species community biofilm publication-title: ISME J doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.194 – volume: 40 start-page: 1581 year: 2002 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib54 article-title: Distinguishing cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease with CMV nucleic acid assays publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.5.1581-1586.2002 – volume: 9 start-page: 53 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib169 article-title: Oral biofilms from symbiotic to pathogenic interactions and associated disease - connection of periodontitis and rheumatic arthritis by peptidylarginine deiminase publication-title: Front Microbiol doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00053 – volume: 2012 start-page: 284762 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib338 article-title: Susceptibility of Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms to natural antimicrobials subtilosin, ε -poly-L-lysine, and lauramide arginine ethyl ester publication-title: Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1155/2012/284762 – volume: 150 start-page: 2565 year: 2004 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib376 article-title: Characterization of vaginal microbial communities in adult healthy women using cultivation-independent methods publication-title: Microbiology doi: 10.1099/mic.0.26905-0 – volume: 169 start-page: 450 year: 1993 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib137 article-title: The microbiology of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90339-K – volume: 52 start-page: 1212 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib309 article-title: Randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of a Lactobacillus crispatus probiotic given intravaginally for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/cid/cir183 – volume: 61 start-page: e00650 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib6 article-title: Gemini cationic amphiphiles control biofilm formation by bacterial vaginosis pathogens publication-title: Antimicrob Agents Chemother doi: 10.1128/AAC.00650-17 – start-page: 11 volume-title: Das Scheidensekret Und Seine Bedeutung Für Das Puerperalfieber year: 1892 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib83 – volume: 34 start-page: 2921 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib275 article-title: Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for HIV-1 publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.074 – volume: 35 start-page: 219 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib210 article-title: The evolving facets of bacterial vaginosis: implications for HIV transmission publication-title: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses doi: 10.1089/aid.2018.0304 – volume: 304 start-page: 29 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib23 article-title: Individual and co-operative roles of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the killing activity of enteric strain Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC933 and vaginal strain Lactobacillus gasseri KS120.1 against enteric, uropathogenic and vaginosis-associated pathog publication-title: FEMS Microbiol Lett doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01887.x – volume: 214 start-page: S14 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib43 article-title: Current treatment of bacterial vaginosis-limitations and need for innovation publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw159 – volume: 12 start-page: 407 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib198 article-title: Thymbra capitata essential oil as potential therapeutic agent against Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm-related infections publication-title: Future Microbiol doi: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0184 – volume: 4 start-page: 16 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib377 article-title: Bacterial communities in penile skin, male urethra, and vaginas of heterosexual couples with and without bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Microbiome doi: 10.1186/s40168-016-0161-6 – volume: 19 start-page: 101 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib332 article-title: Lysozyme as a cotreatment during antibiotics use against vaginal infections: an in vitro study on Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm models publication-title: Int Microbiol – volume: 108 start-page: 4688 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib201 article-title: At the crossroads of vaginal health and disease, the genome sequence of Lactobacillus iners AB-1 publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A doi: 10.1073/pnas.1000086107 – volume: 158 start-page: 935 year: 1988 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib52 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis in virginal and sexually active adolescent females: evidence against exclusive sexual transmission publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90097-X – volume: 2008 start-page: 549640 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib75 article-title: Adhesion of human probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus to cervical and vaginal cells and interaction with vaginosis-associated pathogens publication-title: Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1155/2008/549640 – volume: 45 start-page: 1016 year: 2007 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib100 article-title: Cultivation-independent analysis of changes in bacterial vaginosis flora following metronidazole treatment publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.02085-06 – volume: 4 start-page: 5 year: 2004 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib99 article-title: Association of Atopobium vaginae, a recently described metronidazole resistant anaerobe, with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: BMC Infect Dis doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-4-5 – volume: 8 start-page: 4 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib290 article-title: Vaginal protection by H2O2-producing lactobacilli publication-title: Jundishapur J Microbiol doi: 10.5812/jjm.22913 – volume: 8 start-page: 51 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib187 article-title: The healthy human microbiome publication-title: Genome Med doi: 10.1186/s13073-016-0307-y – volume: 31 start-page: 246 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib90 article-title: Neisseria gonorrhoeae vaccine development: hope on the horizon? publication-title: Curr Opin Infect Dis doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000450 – volume: 168 start-page: 782 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib326 article-title: The role of lactic acid production by probiotic Lactobacillus species in vaginal health publication-title: Res Microbiol doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.04.001 – volume: 32 start-page: 654 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib283 article-title: Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis in women at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases publication-title: Sex Transm Dis doi: 10.1097/01.olq.0000175396.10304.62 – volume: 167 start-page: 59 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib277 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis and infertility: cause or association? publication-title: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.10.031 – volume: 2 start-page: 277 year: 1876 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib163 article-title: The etiology of anthrax, based on the life history of Bacillus anthracis publication-title: Contrib to Biol plants – volume: 64 start-page: 1 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib366 article-title: Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015 publication-title: MMWR Recomm Rep – volume: 30 start-page: 55 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib2 article-title: Recalcitrant Trichomonas vaginalis infections successfully treated with vaginal acidification publication-title: J Obstet Gynaecol Can doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32714-1 – volume: 90 start-page: 1302 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib181 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis: what is physiological in vaginal bacteriology? An update and opinion publication-title: Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01279.x – volume: 14 start-page: 12004 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib195 article-title: Interactions between Lactobacillus crispatus and bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated bacterial species in initial attachment and biofilm formation publication-title: Int J Mol Sci doi: 10.3390/ijms140612004 – volume: 182 start-page: 872 year: 2000 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib84 article-title: Pathogenesis of abnormal vaginal bacterial flora publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/S0002-9378(00)70338-3 – volume: 70 start-page: 280 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib252 article-title: Residence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis within polymicrobial biofilm promotes antibiotic resistance and bacterial persistence in vivo publication-title: Pathog Dis doi: 10.1111/2049-632X.12129 – volume: 194 start-page: 828 year: 2006 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib44 article-title: The association of Atopobium vaginae and Gardnerella vaginalis with bacterial vaginosis and recurrence after oral metronidazole therapy publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/506621 – volume: 12 start-page: 216 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib157 article-title: Inflammation and HIV transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa publication-title: Curr HIV/AIDS Rep doi: 10.1007/s11904-015-0269-5 – volume: 98 start-page: 131 year: 1987 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib152 article-title: Extra-vaginal infection caused by Gardnerella vaginalis publication-title: Epidemiol Infect doi: 10.1017/S0950268800061835 – volume: 102 start-page: 553 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib268 article-title: Is bacterial vaginosis a disease? publication-title: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol doi: 10.1007/s00253-017-8659-9 – volume: 13 start-page: 1615 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib37 article-title: Microbial biofilms in pulmonary and critical care diseases publication-title: Ann Am Thorac Soc doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201603-194FR – volume: 209 start-page: 1562 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib45 article-title: The influence of behaviors and relationships on the vaginal microbiota of women and their female partners: the WOW health study publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit664 – volume: 37 start-page: 335 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib205 article-title: Prevalence and risks for bacterial vaginosis in women who have sex with women publication-title: Sex Transm Dis doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181ca3cac – volume: 1 start-page: 151 year: 2009 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib316 article-title: Association of urinary tract infection in women with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Glob Infect Dis doi: 10.4103/0974-777X.56254 – volume: 156 start-page: 392 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib250 article-title: Analysis of adherence, biofilm formation and cytotoxicity suggests a greater virulence potential of Gardnerella vaginalis relative to other bacterial-vaginosis-associated anaerobes publication-title: Microbiology doi: 10.1099/mic.0.034280-0 – volume: 43 start-page: 4607 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib291 article-title: Utility of Amsel criteria, Nugent score, and quantitative PCR for Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Lactobacillus spp. for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.9.4607-4612.2005 – volume: 16 start-page: 315 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib374 article-title: BASIC study: is intravaginal boric acid non-inferior to metronidazole in symptomatic bacterial vaginosis? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial publication-title: Trials doi: 10.1186/s13063-015-0852-5 – volume: 47 start-page: 132 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib329 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis bacteremia associated with severe acute encephalopathy in a young female patient publication-title: Anaerobe doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.05.010 – volume: 88 start-page: 185 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib135 article-title: Innate and adaptive immunity at mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract: stratification and integration of immune protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted infections publication-title: J Reprod Immunol doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.01.005 – volume: 30 start-page: 163 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib34 article-title: Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus on bacterial vaginal pathogens publication-title: Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol doi: 10.1177/0394632017697987 – volume: 9 start-page: 359 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib175 article-title: Immune evasion mechanisms of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm infection publication-title: Front Microbiol doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00359 – volume: 168 start-page: 811 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib344 article-title: The human vaginal microbial community publication-title: Res Microbiol doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.08.001 – start-page: 1 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib66 article-title: STDs during pregnancy - CDC fact sheet publication-title: Natl Cent HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, TB Prev – volume: 44 start-page: 120 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib27 article-title: Trichomonas vaginalis treated with boric acid in a metronidazole allergic female publication-title: Sex Transm Dis doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000559 – volume: 40 start-page: 1422 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib70 article-title: Genital tract shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2 in women: effects of hormonal contraception, bacterial vaginosis, and vaginal group B Streptococcus colonization publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/429622 – volume: 35 start-page: 157 year: 2009 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib221 article-title: Bacterial interactions in biofilms publication-title: Crit Rev Microbiol doi: 10.1080/10408410902809431 – volume: 135 start-page: 475 year: 1989 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib286 article-title: Electron microscopy of adhesive interactions between Gardnerella vaginalis and vaginal epithelial cells, McCoy cells and human red blood cells publication-title: J Gen Microbiol – volume: 169 start-page: 441 year: 1993 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib94 article-title: History and review of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90337-I – volume: 4 start-page: 132ra52 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib113 article-title: Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota publication-title: Sci Transl Med doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003605 – volume: 186 start-page: 916 year: 2002 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib139 article-title: Urinary tract infections in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.123987 – volume: 2 start-page: 106 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib97 article-title: Innate immunity in the lower female mucosal tract publication-title: J Steroids Horm Sci doi: 10.4172/2157-7536.1000106 – volume: 2010 start-page: 1 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib231 article-title: Pattern recognition via the Toll-like receptor system in the human female genital tract publication-title: Mediators Inflamm doi: 10.1155/2010/976024 – volume: 29 start-page: 1258 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib296 article-title: 2018 European (IUSTI/WHO) International Union against sexually transmitted infections (IUSTI) World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline on the management of vaginal discharge publication-title: Int J STD AIDS doi: 10.1177/0956462418785451 – volume: 21 start-page: 443 year: 1995 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib142 article-title: Disk space infection due to Gardnerella vaginalis publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/clinids/21.2.443-a – volume: 22 start-page: 1493 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib20 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis and HIV acquisition: a meta-analysis of published studies publication-title: AIDS doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283021a37 – volume: 162 start-page: 75 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib168 article-title: Proinflammatory cytokines as regulators of vaginal microbiota publication-title: Bull Exp Biol Med doi: 10.1007/s10517-016-3549-1 – volume: 212 start-page: 1856 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib194 article-title: Influence of biofilm formation by Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes on bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv338 – volume: 5 start-page: 213 year: 1992 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib65 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis: characteristics, clinical considerations, and controversies publication-title: Clin Microbiol Rev doi: 10.1128/CMR.5.3.213 – volume: 42 start-page: 965 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib15 article-title: Cervicovaginal bacteria are a major modulator of host inflammatory responses in the female genital tract publication-title: Immunity doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.019 – volume: 58 start-page: 1382 year: 2009 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib123 article-title: Vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis due to Gardnerella vaginalis publication-title: J Med Microbiol doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.007781-0 – volume: 8 start-page: 471 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib164 article-title: Oral multispecies biofilm development and the key role of cell-cell distance publication-title: Nat Rev Microbiol doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2381 – volume: 69 start-page: 962 year: 1955 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib115 article-title: Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(55)90095-8 – volume: 1 start-page: 285 year: 1999 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib264 article-title: Microbial interactions in the vaginal ecosystem, with emphasis on the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Microbes Infect doi: 10.1016/S1286-4579(99)80024-0 – volume: 25 start-page: 268 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib29 article-title: Mobiluncus species in gynaecological and obstetric infections: antimicrobial resistance and prevalence in a Turkish population publication-title: Int J Antimicrob Agents doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.09.019 – volume: 16 start-page: 278 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib82 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis and adverse outcomes among full-term infants: a cohort study publication-title: BMC Pregnancy Childbirth doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-1073-y – volume: 20 start-page: 48 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib18 article-title: Effects of metronidazole on growth of Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC 14018, probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and vaginal isolate Lactobacillus plantarum KCA publication-title: Microb Ecol Health Dis – volume: 15 start-page: 130 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib227 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis: still a prime suspect in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Curr Infect Dis Rep doi: 10.1007/s11908-013-0318-4 – volume: 34 start-page: 747 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib147 article-title: The changing landscape of the vaginal microbiome publication-title: Clin Lab Med doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2014.08.006 – volume: 26 start-page: 237 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib310 article-title: Spinal epidural abscess caused by Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella amnii publication-title: Infect Dis Clin Pract doi: 10.1097/IPC.0000000000000565 – volume: 2 start-page: 4 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib273 article-title: The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women publication-title: Microbiome doi: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-4 – volume: 77 start-page: 63 year: 2001 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib222 article-title: Is bacterial vaginosis a sexually transmitted infection? publication-title: Sex Transm Infect doi: 10.1136/sti.77.1.63 – volume: 43 start-page: 227 year: 1997 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib78 article-title: Serum concentrations and ex vivo inhibitory/bactericidal activity of clindamycin after administration of two oral dosages publication-title: Chemotherapy doi: 10.1159/000239571 – volume: 61 start-page: 1074 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib330 article-title: Characteristics of Lactobacillus and Gardnerella vaginalis from women with or without bacterial vaginosis and their relationships in gnotobiotic mice publication-title: J Med Microbiol doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.041962-0 – volume: 55 start-page: 138 year: 2007 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib279 article-title: Effect of Lactobacillus challenge on Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms publication-title: Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.11.040 – volume: 56 start-page: 515 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib354 article-title: Candida albicans and bacterial vaginosis can coexist on Pap smears publication-title: Acta Cytol doi: 10.1159/000339155 – volume: 70 start-page: 256 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib320 article-title: Gardnerella biofilm involves females and males and is transmitted sexually publication-title: Gynecol Obstet Invest doi: 10.1159/000314015 – volume: 199 start-page: 767 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib177 article-title: In vitro effect of vaginal lactobacilli on the growth and adhesion abilities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli publication-title: Arch Microbiol doi: 10.1007/s00203-016-1336-z – volume: 99 start-page: 739 year: 1991 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib230 article-title: Antibiosis between bacteria isolated from the vagina of women with and without signs of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: APMIS doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1991.tb01253.x – volume: 5 start-page: 4 year: 2006 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib285 article-title: Throwing the dice for the diagnosis of vaginal complaints? publication-title: Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob doi: 10.1186/1476-0711-5-4 – volume: 209 start-page: 505 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib158 article-title: The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.006 – volume: 73 start-page: ftv018 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib4 article-title: Natural antimicrobials subtilosin and lauramide arginine ethyl ester (LAE) synergize with conventional antibiotics clindamycin and metronidazole against biofilms of Gardnerella vaginalis but not against biofilms of healthy vaginal lactobacilli publication-title: Pathog Dis doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftv018 – volume: 26 start-page: 1130 year: 1988 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib172 article-title: Prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis in the urinary tract publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.26.6.1130-1133.1988 – volume: 12 start-page: 1 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib39 article-title: The association between ethnicity and vaginal microbiota composition in Amsterdam, the Netherlands publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181135 – volume: 29 start-page: 567 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib321 article-title: Infection through structured polymicrobial Gardnerella biofilms (StPM-GB) publication-title: Histol Histopathol – volume: 32 start-page: 313 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib191 article-title: Vaginal douching, bacterial vaginosis, and spontaneous preterm birth publication-title: J Obstet Gynaecol Can doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34474-7 – volume: 35 start-page: 481 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib76 article-title: Mycoplasma hominis and Gardnerella vaginalis display a significant synergistic relationship in bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis doi: 10.1007/s10096-015-2564-x – volume: 196 start-page: 645 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib311 article-title: Bacteriocin production and gene sequencing analysis from vaginal Lactobacillus strains publication-title: Arch Microbiol doi: 10.1007/s00203-014-1003-1 – volume: 14 start-page: 563 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib105 article-title: Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life publication-title: Nat Rev Microbiol doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94 – volume: 18 start-page: 125 year: 1994 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib106 article-title: Bacteremia due to Gardnerella vaginalis: report of two cases publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/clinids/18.1.125 – volume: 61 start-page: 126 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib304 article-title: Controlled study on thymol + eugenol vaginal douche versus econazole in vaginal candidiasis and metronidazole in bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Arzneimittelforschung doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1296178 – volume: 15 start-page: 115 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib134 article-title: Supplementation of standard antibiotic therapy with oral probiotics for bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial publication-title: BMC Womens Health doi: 10.1186/s12905-015-0246-6 – volume: 74 start-page: 14 year: 1983 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib14 article-title: Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations publication-title: Am J Med doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9 – volume: 71 start-page: 555 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib219 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis and the cervicovaginal immune response publication-title: Am J Reprod Immunol doi: 10.1111/aji.12264 – volume: 282 start-page: 43 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib237 article-title: Comparison of local metronidazole and a local antiseptic in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Arch Gynecol Obstet doi: 10.1007/s00404-009-1241-7 – volume: 168 start-page: 865 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib127 article-title: Bacterial biofilms in the vagina publication-title: Res Microbiol doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.02.001 – volume: 291 start-page: 605 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib322 article-title: Polymicrobial Gardnerella biofilm resists repeated intravaginal antiseptic treatment in a subset of women with bacterial vaginosis: a preliminary report publication-title: Arch Gynecol Obstet doi: 10.1007/s00404-014-3484-1 – volume: 40 start-page: 260 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib189 article-title: Antibiotic resistance of mixed biofilms in cystic fibrosis: impact of emerging microorganisms on treatment of infection publication-title: Int J Antimicrob Agents doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.04.020 – volume: 182 start-page: 467 year: 2000 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib313 article-title: High levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in bacterial vaginosis may increase susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/315713 – volume: 7 start-page: e37818 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib308 article-title: Bacterial communities in women with bacterial vaginosis: high resolution phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships of microbiota to clinical criteria publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037818 – volume: 21 start-page: 538 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib245 article-title: Human epididymis protein 4 and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in vaginal fluid: relation to vaginal components and bacterial composition publication-title: Reprod Sci doi: 10.1177/1933719113503416 – volume: 214 start-page: 15 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib302 article-title: Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.067 – year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib353 article-title: Cationic amphiphiles against Gardnerella vaginalis resistant strains and bacterial vaginosis-associated pathogens publication-title: Pathog Dis doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftz059 – volume: 30 start-page: 257 year: 2003 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib243 article-title: Glycosidase and proteinase activity of anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Sex Transm Dis doi: 10.1097/00007435-200303000-00016 – volume: 54 start-page: 1017 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib136 article-title: Development and validation of a highly accurate quantitative real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.03104-15 – volume: 36 start-page: 151 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib217 article-title: Reactive arthritis induced by Gardnerella vaginalis publication-title: Egypt Rheumatol doi: 10.1016/j.ejr.2013.12.008 – volume: 39 start-page: 807 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib48 article-title: Association between Trichomonas vaginalis and vaginal bacterial community composition among reproductive-age women publication-title: Sex Transm Dis doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182631c79 – volume: 210 start-page: S616 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib72 article-title: Vaginal microbiota and sexually transmitted infections that may influence transmission of Cell-Associated HIV publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu459 – volume: 67 start-page: 25 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib274 article-title: Microbial biofilms and gastrointestinal diseases publication-title: Pathog Dis doi: 10.1111/2049-632X.12020 – volume: 32 start-page: 389 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib257 article-title: Boric acid destabilizes the hyphal cytoskeleton and inhibits invasive growth of Candida albicans publication-title: Yeast doi: 10.1002/yea.3066 – volume: 14 start-page: e1002478 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib360 article-title: The vaginal microbiome and sexually transmitted infections are interlinked: consequences for treatment and prevention publication-title: PLoS Med doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002478 – volume: 207 start-page: 1491 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib148 article-title: DNase inhibits Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms in vitro and in vivo publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit047 – volume: 213 start-page: 1623 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib278 article-title: Flow-tolerant adhesion of a bacterial pathogen to human endothelial cells through interaction with biglycan publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw003 – volume: 34 start-page: 2948 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib153 article-title: Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for herpes simplex virus publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.076 – volume: 46 start-page: 804 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib171 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis bacteremia in a previously healthy man: case report and characterization of the isolate publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.01545-07 – volume: 51 start-page: E27 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib55 article-title: Multiple abscesses caused by Gardnerella vaginalis in an immunocompetent man publication-title: J Infect doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.08.002 – volume: 86 start-page: 147 year: 1984 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib143 article-title: Vaginal colonization with Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobic curved rods publication-title: Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl – volume: 3 start-page: 1 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib13 article-title: Role of the innate immunity in female reproductive tract publication-title: Adv Biomed Res doi: 10.4103/2277-9175.124626 – volume: 92 start-page: 105 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib248 article-title: New strategies for local treatment of vaginal infections publication-title: Adv Drug Deliv Rev doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.008 – volume-title: Infections and Infectious Diseases - A Manual for Nurses and Midwives in the WHO European Region year: 2001 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib367 – volume: 12 start-page: 218 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib109 article-title: Contraception: influence on vaginal microbiota and identification of vaginal lactobacilli using MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rDNA sequencing publication-title: Open Microbiol J doi: 10.2174/1874285801812010218 – volume: 44 start-page: 31 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib167 article-title: Defence factors of vaginal lactobacilli publication-title: Crit Rev Microbiol doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2017.1306688 – volume: 3 start-page: e780 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib193 article-title: Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by a new multiplex peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization method publication-title: PeerJ doi: 10.7717/peerj.780 – volume: 40 start-page: 270 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib260 article-title: Probiotic potential of lactobacilli with antagonistic activity against pathogenic strains: an in vitro validation for the production of inhibitory substances publication-title: Biomed J doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2017.06.008 – volume: 71 start-page: 618 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib16 article-title: The structure of the human vaginal stratum corneum and its role in immune defense publication-title: Am J Reprod Immunol doi: 10.1111/aji.12230 – volume: 2 start-page: e001632 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib334 article-title: What is a disease? Perspectives of the public, health professionals and legislators publication-title: BMJ Open doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001632 – volume: 13 start-page: 1018 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib146 article-title: Progress in HIV vaccine development publication-title: Hum Vaccines Immunother doi: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1276138 – volume: 50 start-page: 4154 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib141 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis as a rare cause of prosthetic joint infection publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.01969-12 – volume: 68 start-page: 803 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib204 article-title: Safety and efficacy of a novel vaginal anti-infective, TOL-463, in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis: a randomized, single-blind, phase 2, controlled trial publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy554 – volume: 220 start-page: 1399 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib229 article-title: An updated conceptual model on the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz342 – volume: 215 start-page: 1366 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib293 article-title: Distinct effects of the cervicovaginal microbiota and herpes simplex type 2 infection on female genital tract immunology publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix088 – volume: 39 start-page: 4026 year: 2001 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib364 article-title: Analysis of bacterial vaginosis-related amines in vaginal fluid by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.39.11.4026-4031.2001 – volume: 10 start-page: e01548 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib92 article-title: The cervicovaginal microbiota-host interaction modulates Chlamydia trachomatis infection publication-title: MBio doi: 10.1128/mBio.01548-19 – volume: 87 start-page: e00141 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib140 article-title: Cooperative interactions between Trichomonas vaginalis and associated bacteria enhance paracellular permeability of the cervicovaginal epithelium by dysregulating tight junctions publication-title: Infect Immun doi: 10.1128/IAI.00141-19 – volume: 27 start-page: 4221 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib120 article-title: Antibiotic adjuvants – a strategy to unlock bacterial resistance to antibiotics publication-title: Bioorg Med Chem Lett doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.027 – volume: 6 start-page: 1528 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib197 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis biofilms: challenges to current therapies and emerging solutions publication-title: Front Microbiol doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01528 – volume: 110 start-page: 1105 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib340 article-title: The etiology of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Appl Microbiol doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04977.x – volume: 11 start-page: e0154086 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib122 article-title: Screening of compounds against Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154086 – volume: 30 start-page: 16 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib170 article-title: Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system publication-title: Int Rev Immunol doi: 10.3109/08830185.2010.529976 – volume: 3 start-page: 295 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib214 article-title: Antibacterial treatment of bacterial vaginosis: current and emerging therapies publication-title: Int J Womens Health doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S23814 – volume: 6 start-page: 691 year: 1974 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib266 article-title: Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole as determined by bioassay publication-title: Antimicrob Agents Chemother doi: 10.1128/AAC.6.6.691 – volume: 49 start-page: S13 year: 2009 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib183 article-title: Hepatitis B: the virus and disease publication-title: Hepatology doi: 10.1002/hep.22881 – volume: 204 start-page: 79 year: 2002 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib357 article-title: Efficacy of povidone-iodine vaginal suppositories in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Dermatology doi: 10.1159/000057731 – volume: 16 start-page: 210 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib208 article-title: In vitro inhibitory activity of human vaginal lactobacilli against pathogenic bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis in Kenyan women publication-title: Anaerobe doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.11.002 – volume: 109 start-page: 34 year: 2002 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib86 article-title: Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis publication-title: BJOG doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.00432.x – volume: 113 start-page: 81 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib108 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis - a microbiological and immunological enigma publication-title: APMIS doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm1130201.x – volume: 183 start-page: 1434 year: 2000 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib281 article-title: Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis: response to therapy publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1067/mob.2000.107735 – volume: 10 start-page: e0136658 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib129 article-title: Unravelling the bacterial vaginosis-associated biofilm: a multiplex Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae fluorescence in situ hybridization assay using peptide nucleic acid probes publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136658 – volume: 52 start-page: 632 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib32 article-title: Association of bacterial vaginosis with chlamydia and gonorrhea among women in the U.S. Army publication-title: Am J Prev Med doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.016 – year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib138 article-title: Resolution and co-occurrence patterns of Gardnerella leopoldii, Gardnerella swidsinskii, Gardnerella piotii and Gardnerella vaginalis within the vaginal microbiome publication-title: Infect Immun doi: 10.1128/IAI.00532-19 – volume: 22 start-page: 317 year: 1998 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib263 article-title: A commensal symbiosis between Prevotella bivia and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius involves amino acids: potential significance to the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01221.x – volume: 11 start-page: 10 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib118 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis is associated with uterine cervical human papillomavirus infection: a meta-analysis publication-title: BMC Infect Dis doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-10 – volume: 8 start-page: 1450 year: 2006 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib17 article-title: Augmentation of antimicrobial metronidazole therapy of bacterial vaginosis with oral probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial publication-title: Microbes Infect doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.003 – volume: 96 start-page: 256 year: 2000 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib247 article-title: Vaginal clindamycin and oral metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis: a randomized trial publication-title: Obstet Gynecol – volume: 8 start-page: e54379 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib89 article-title: Characterization of the vaginal micro- and mycobiome in asymptomatic reproductive-age Estonian women publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054379 – volume: 12 start-page: 673 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib288 article-title: Persistent and recurrent Trichomonas vaginalis infections: epidemiology, treatment and management considerations publication-title: Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther doi: 10.1586/14787210.2014.887440 – volume: 95 start-page: 511 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib226 article-title: Incubation period and risk factors support sexual transmission of bacterial vaginosis in women who have sex with women publication-title: Sex Transm Infect doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2018-053824 – volume: 11 start-page: 94 year: 2003 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib271 article-title: Bacterial coaggregation: an integral process in the development of multi-species biofilms publication-title: Trends Microbiol doi: 10.1016/S0966-842X(02)00034-3 – volume: 23 start-page: 1 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib196 article-title: Quantitative analysis of initial adhesion of bacterial vaginosis-associated anaerobes to ME-180 cells publication-title: Anaerobe doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.07.007 – volume: 175 start-page: 406 year: 1997 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib262 article-title: Evidence for a commensal, symbiotic relationship between Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia involving ammonia: potential significance for bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/175.2.406 – volume: 22 start-page: 230 year: 2006 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib259 article-title: Vaginal pH-lowering effect of locally applied vitamin C in subjects with high vaginal pH publication-title: Gynecol Endocrinol doi: 10.1080/09513590600647441 – volume: 36 start-page: 663 year: 2003 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib358 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/367658 – volume: 16 start-page: 470 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib25 article-title: In vitro activity of secnidazole against Atopobium vaginae, an anaerobic pathogen involved in bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Clin Microbiol Infect doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02852.x – volume: 66 start-page: 371 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib192 article-title: The vaginal microbiome: rethinking health and diseases publication-title: Annu Rev Microbiol doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150157 – volume: 1 start-page: 67 year: 2009 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib339 article-title: Lactocin 160, a bacteriocin produced by vaginal Lactobacillus rhamnosus, targets cytoplasmic membranes of the vaginal pathogen publication-title: Gardnerella vaginalis Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins doi: 10.1007/s12602-008-9003-6 – volume: 148 start-page: 220 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib240 article-title: Evidence on the benefits and harms of screening and treating pregnant women who are asymptomatic for bacterial vaginosis: an update review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force publication-title: Ann Intern Med doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-148-3-200802050-00008 – volume: 2 start-page: 28 year: 2009 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib186 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis: an overview for 2009 publication-title: Rev Obstet Gynecol – volume: 87 start-page: 79 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib87 article-title: Human defensins and LL-37 in mucosal immunity publication-title: J Leukoc Biol doi: 10.1189/jlb.0609382 – volume: 46 start-page: 29 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib121 article-title: Lactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal bacterial communities are associated with increased HIV acquisition in young South African women publication-title: Immunity doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.013 – volume: 18 start-page: e339 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib81 article-title: Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review publication-title: Lancet Infect Dis doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30103-8 – volume: 11 start-page: 410 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib235 article-title: Innate and adaptive immune responses in male and female reproductive tracts in homeostasis and following HIV infection publication-title: Cell Mol Immunol doi: 10.1038/cmi.2014.41 – volume: 81 start-page: 100 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib133 article-title: Life in the littoral zone: lactobacilli losing the plot publication-title: Sex Transm Infect doi: 10.1136/sti.2003.007161 – volume: 94 start-page: 399 year: 1986 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib300 article-title: Vaginal lactobacilli inhibiting growth of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus and other bacterial species cultured from vaginal content of women with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B – volume: 194 start-page: 1468 year: 2006 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib107 article-title: The vaginal flora of healthy women is not always dominated by Lactobacillus species publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/508497 – volume: 58 start-page: 127 year: 1982 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib161 article-title: Balanoposthitis associated with Gardnerella vaginalis infection in men publication-title: Sex Transm Infect doi: 10.1136/sti.58.2.127 – volume: 2013 start-page: 909354 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib369 article-title: Benzoyl peroxide formulated polycarbophil/carbopol 934P hydrogel with selective antimicrobial activity, potentially beneficial for treatment and prevention of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1155/2013/909354 – volume: 42 start-page: 406 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib91 article-title: Trichomonas vaginalis: clinical relevance, pathogenicity and diagnosis publication-title: Crit Rev Microbiol – volume: 40 start-page: 41 year: 1983 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib307 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobic bacteria in the etiology of bacterial (nonspecific) vaginosis publication-title: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl – volume: 210 start-page: 593 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib9 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis outcompetes 29 other bacterial species isolated from patients with bacterial vaginosis, using in an in vitro biofilm formation model publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu131 – volume: 210 start-page: 1723 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib49 article-title: Interplay between the temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiota and human papillomavirus detection publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu330 – volume: 106 start-page: 1013 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib323 article-title: Adherent biofilms in bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000183594.45524.d2 – volume: 10 start-page: 7e01397 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib57 article-title: On the emergence of Candida auris: climate change, azoles, swamps, and birds publication-title: MBio doi: 10.1128/mBio.01397-19 – volume: 1 start-page: 12 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib200 article-title: Comparative meta-RNA-seq of the vaginal microbiota and differential expression by Lactobacillus iners in health and dysbiosis publication-title: Microbiome doi: 10.1186/2049-2618-1-12 – volume: 256 start-page: 1936 year: 1986 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib236 article-title: Cephalhematoma complicated by osteomyelitis presumed due to Gardnerella vaginalis publication-title: JAMA doi: 10.1001/jama.1986.03380140106032 – volume: 4 start-page: 13 year: 2001 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib246 article-title: Classification and mode of action of membrane-active bacteriocins produced by gram-positive bacteria publication-title: Int Microbiol doi: 10.1007/s101230100003 – volume: 286 start-page: 1337 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib209 article-title: Bacteremia of Gardnerella vaginalis after endometrial ablation publication-title: Arch Gynecol Obstet doi: 10.1007/s00404-012-2447-7 – volume: 59 start-page: 3052 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib50 article-title: Fungal β-1,3-glucan increases ofloxacin tolerance of Escherichia coli in a polymicrobial E. coli/Candida albicans biofilm publication-title: Antimicrob Agents Chemother doi: 10.1128/AAC.04650-14 – volume: 17 start-page: 186 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib203 article-title: Interpreting the epidemiology and natural history of bacterial vaginosis: are we still confused? publication-title: Anaerobe doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.016 – volume: 184 start-page: 1431 year: 2001 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib343 article-title: Factors associated with acquisition of, or persistent colonization by, vaginal lactobacilli: role of hydrogen peroxide production publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/324445 – volume: 124 start-page: 2 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib298 article-title: Prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae in Portuguese women and association with risk factors for bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Int J Gynecol Obstet – volume: 369 start-page: 1961 year: 2007 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib301 article-title: Vulvovaginal candidosis publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60917-9 – volume: 49 start-page: 543 year: 2000 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib211 article-title: Characterisation and selection of a Lactobacillus species to re-colonise the vagina of women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Med Microbiol doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-49-6-543 – volume: 22 start-page: 421 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib295 article-title: European (IUSTI/WHO) guideline on the management of vaginal discharge, 2011 publication-title: Int J STD AIDS doi: 10.1258/ijsa.2011.011012 – volume: 59 start-page: 891 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib331 article-title: Antagonism and synergism in Gardnerella vaginalis strains isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Med Microbiol doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.019794-0 – volume: 2019 start-page: 1672109 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib104 article-title: Biofilm in genital ecosystem: a potential risk factor for Chlamydia trachomatis infection publication-title: Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol doi: 10.1155/2019/1672109 – volume: 19 start-page: e3487 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib166 article-title: Expression of the biofilm-associated genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in biofilm and planktonic conditions publication-title: Int J Mol Sci doi: 10.3390/ijms19113487 – volume: 36 start-page: 56 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib59 article-title: BV and non-BV associated Gardnerella vaginalis establish similar synergistic interactions with other BV-associated microorganisms in dual-species biofilms publication-title: Anaerobe doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.10.008 – volume: 51 start-page: 51 year: 1975 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib365 article-title: Pharmacokinetics of tinidazole and metronidazole in women after single large oral doses publication-title: Br J Vener Dis – volume: 26 start-page: e61 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib261 article-title: A case of pyelonephritis with bacteremia caused by Gardnerella vaginalis in a man publication-title: Infect Dis Clin Pract doi: 10.1097/IPC.0000000000000622 – volume: 76 start-page: fty089 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib62 article-title: Innate immune components affect growth and virulence traits of bacterial vaginosis-associated and non-BV associated Gardnerella vaginalis strains similarly publication-title: Pathog Dis doi: 10.1093/femspd/fty089 – volume: 29 start-page: 1 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib370 article-title: Characteristics of herpes simplex virus infection and pathogenesis suggest a strategy for vaccine development publication-title: Rev Med Virol doi: 10.1002/rmv.2054 – volume: 9 start-page: 33 year: 2001 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib19 article-title: Antimicrobial protein produced by vaginal Lactobacillus acidophilus that inhibits Gardnerella vaginalis publication-title: Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1155/S1064744901000060 – volume: 89 start-page: 63 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib151 article-title: Vaccine research for gonococcal infections: where are we? publication-title: Sex Transm Infect doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051225 – volume: 162 start-page: 585 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib234 article-title: A cluster analysis of bacterial vaginosis-associated microflora and pelvic inflammatory disease publication-title: Am J Epidemiol doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi243 – volume: 88 start-page: 885 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib213 article-title: Medicinal plants and their isolated compounds showing anti-Trichomonas vaginalis - activity publication-title: Biomed Pharmacother doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.149 – volume: 6 start-page: e28180 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib188 article-title: Longitudinal study of the dynamics of vaginal microflora during two consecutive menstrual cycles publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028180 – volume: 9 start-page: 621 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib38 article-title: Cervicovaginal microbiome dysbiosis is associated with proteome changes related to alterations of the cervicovaginal mucosal barrier publication-title: Mucosal Immunol doi: 10.1038/mi.2015.86 – volume: 198 start-page: 1 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib324 article-title: An adherent Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm persists on the vaginal epithelium after standard therapy with oral metronidazole publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.06.039 – volume: 22 start-page: 213 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib114 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection among women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic: a longitudinal analysis of possible causal links publication-title: Ann Epidemiol doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.11.005 – year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib361 article-title: Lactobacilli-containing vaginal probiotics to cure or prevent bacterial or fungal vaginal dysbiosis: a systematic review and recommendations for future trial designs publication-title: BJOG – volume: 20 start-page: 266 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib337 article-title: Interplay among vaginal microbiome, immune response and sexually transmitted viral infections publication-title: Int J Mol Sci doi: 10.3390/ijms20020266 – volume: 173 start-page: 21 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib165 article-title: Comparison of antifungal activities of gentian violet and povidone-iodine against clinical isolates of Candida species and other yeasts: a framework to establish topical disinfectant activities publication-title: Mycopathologia doi: 10.1007/s11046-011-9458-y – volume: 8 start-page: e63514 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib178 article-title: Association of the vaginal microbiota with human papillomavirus infection in a Korean twin cohort publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063514 – volume: 124 start-page: 16 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib328 article-title: A slippery slope: on the origin, role and physiology of mucus publication-title: Adv Drug Deliv Rev doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.014 – volume: 43 start-page: 651 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib156 article-title: Etiology of bacterial vaginosis and polymicrobial biofilm formation publication-title: Crit Rev Microbiol doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2017.1291579 – volume: 68 start-page: 375 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib258 article-title: Molecular-based testing for sexually transmitted infections using samples previously collected for vaginitis diagnosis publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy504 – volume: 92 start-page: 487 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib128 article-title: A fruitful alliance: the synergy between Atopobium vaginae and Gardnerella vaginalis in bacterial vaginosis-associated biofilm publication-title: Sex Transm Infect doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052475 – volume: 2011 start-page: 319460 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib160 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis and the natural history of human papillomavirus publication-title: Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1155/2011/319460 – volume: 6 start-page: 17 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib185 article-title: Penile microbiota and female partner bacterial vaginosis in Rakai, Uganda publication-title: MBio doi: 10.1128/mBio.00589-15 – volume: 196 start-page: 1458 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib215 article-title: Comparative functional genomics of Lactobacillus spp. reveals possible mechanisms for specialization of vaginal lactobacilli to their environment publication-title: J Bacteriol doi: 10.1128/JB.01439-13 – volume: 74 start-page: ftw007 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib63 article-title: Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis are able to incorporate and enhance a pre-formed Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm publication-title: Pathog Dis doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftw007 – volume: 3 start-page: 3 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib60 article-title: Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms vs. planktonic cultures using RNA-seq publication-title: NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes doi: 10.1038/s41522-017-0012-7 – volume: 29 start-page: 223 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib244 article-title: The human microbiome during bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Clin Microbiol Rev doi: 10.1128/CMR.00075-15 – volume: 168 start-page: 902 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib67 article-title: Polymicrobial infections and biofilms in women's health Gahro Expert Group Meeting Report 2017 publication-title: Res Microbiol doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.07.002 – volume: 89 start-page: 460 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib103 article-title: The villain team-up or how Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis alter innate immunity in concert publication-title: Sex Transm Infect doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051052 – volume: 31 start-page: 249 year: 1987 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib305 article-title: Susceptibility of Mobiluncus species to 23 antimicrobial agents and 15 other compounds publication-title: Antimicrob Agents Chemother doi: 10.1128/AAC.31.2.249 – volume: 2012 start-page: 183403 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib40 article-title: Efficacy and tolerability of fitostimoline (vaginal cream, ovules, and vaginal washing) and of benzydamine hydrochloride (tantum rosa vaginal cream and vaginal washing) in the topical treatment of symptoms of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: ISRN Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.5402/2012/183403 – volume: 19 start-page: 152 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib155 article-title: The polymicrobial hypothesis of bacterial vaginosis causation: a reassessment publication-title: Int J STD AIDS doi: 10.1258/ijsa.2007.007260 – volume: 78 start-page: 510 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib176 article-title: Biofilm-related infections: bridging the gap between clinical management and fundamental aspects of recalcitrance toward antibiotics publication-title: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00013-14 – volume: 9 start-page: 327 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib269 article-title: The need to focus on therapy instead of associations publication-title: Front Cell Infect Microbiol doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00327 – volume: 200 start-page: 1662 year: 2009 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib102 article-title: Early sexual experiences and risk factors for bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/648092 – volume: 56 start-page: 1756 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib318 article-title: The natural antimicrobial peptide subtilosin acts synergistically with glycerol monolaurate, lauric arginate, and ε-poly-L-lysine against bacterial vaginosis-associated pathogens but not human lactobacilli publication-title: Antimicrob Agents Chemother doi: 10.1128/AAC.05861-11 – volume: 17 start-page: 90 year: 1997 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib53 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis causing tubo-ovarian abscess publication-title: J Obstet Gynaecol doi: 10.1080/01443619750114266 – volume: 14 start-page: e0215476 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib216 article-title: Evaluating the predictability of medical conditions from social media posts publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215476 – volume: 33 start-page: 195 year: 1969 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib77 article-title: Haemophilus vaginalis: vaginitis by inoculation from culture publication-title: Obstet Gynecol – volume: 193 start-page: 1478 year: 2006 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib42 article-title: High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/503780 – volume: 121 start-page: 498 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib351 article-title: The effects of oral garlic on vaginal candida colony counts: a randomised placebo controlled double-blind trial publication-title: BJOG doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12518 – volume: 353 start-page: 1899 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib110 article-title: Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: N Engl J Med doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa043802 – volume: 218 start-page: 966 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib225 article-title: Identification of key bacteria involved in the induction of incident bacterial vaginosis: a prospective study publication-title: J Infect Dis – volume: 10 start-page: 1193 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib61 article-title: Reciprocal interference between Lactobacillus spp. and Gardnerella vaginalis on initial adherence to epithelial cells publication-title: Int J Med Sci doi: 10.7150/ijms.6304 – volume: 15 start-page: 276 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib47 article-title: Lactobacillus crispatus inhibits growth of Gardnerella vaginalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae on a porcine vaginal mucosa model publication-title: BMC Microbiol doi: 10.1186/s12866-015-0608-0 – volume: 2 start-page: a000398 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib190 article-title: Biofilms publication-title: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a000398 – volume: 3 start-page: 24 year: 2004 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib74 article-title: Disorders are different from diseases publication-title: World Psychiatry – volume: 29 start-page: 297 year: 1991 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib238 article-title: Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.29.2.297-301.1991 – volume: 10 start-page: 81 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib347 article-title: The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour publication-title: BMC Infect Dis doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-81 – volume: 18 start-page: 79 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib145 article-title: Effects of probiotics on the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis: a review publication-title: J Low Genit Tract Dis doi: 10.1097/LGT.0b013e31829156ec – volume: 16 start-page: 189 year: 1985 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib154 article-title: In-vitro and in-vivo activity of metronidazole against Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides spp. and Mobiluncus spp. in bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Antimicrob Chemother doi: 10.1093/jac/16.2.189 – volume: 69 start-page: 679 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib345 article-title: Emended description of Gardnerella vaginalis and description of Gardnerella leopoldii sp. nov., Gardnerella piotii sp. nov. and Gardnerella swidsinskii sp. nov., with delineation of 13 genomic species within the genus Gardnerella publication-title: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003200 – volume: 35 start-page: 78 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib69 article-title: A delicate balance: risk factors for acquisition of bacterial vaginosis include sexual activity, absence of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli, black race, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology publication-title: Sex Transm Dis doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318156a5d0 – volume: 55 start-page: 483 year: 2003 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib56 article-title: Utilisation of hydrogen peroxide in the treatment of recurrent bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Minerva Ginecol – volume: 9 start-page: 568 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib11 article-title: Psychosocial stress, cortisol levels, and maintenance of vaginal health publication-title: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00568 – volume: 55 start-page: 2490 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib336 article-title: In vitro activity of nifuratel on vaginal bacteria: could it be a good candidate for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis? publication-title: Antimicrob Agents Chemother doi: 10.1128/AAC.01623-10 – volume: 53 start-page: 3914 year: 2009 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib131 article-title: Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus form polymicrobial biofilms: effects on antimicrobial resistance publication-title: Antimicrob Agents Chemother doi: 10.1128/AAC.00657-09 – volume: 60 start-page: 1042 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib350 article-title: Incident bacterial vaginosis (BV) in women who have sex with women is associated with behaviors that suggest sexual transmission of BV publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu1130 – volume: 65 start-page: 1 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib363 article-title: Innate immunity in the human female reproductive tract: endocrine regulation of endogenous antimicrobial protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections publication-title: Am J Reprod Immunol doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.00970.x – year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib96 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis: a clinical update with a focus on complementary and alternative therapies publication-title: J Midwifery Womens Health doi: 10.1111/jmwh.13013 – volume: 32 start-page: 595 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib125 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis modifies the association between hormonal contraception and HIV acquisition publication-title: AIDS doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001741 – volume: 41 start-page: 123 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib30 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis and the risk of Trichomonas vaginalis acquisition among HIV-1–negative women publication-title: Sex Transm Dis doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000075 – volume: 21 start-page: 353 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib371 article-title: Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications publication-title: Hum Reprod Update doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmu065 – volume: 26 start-page: 86 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib346 article-title: The biofilm in bacterial vaginosis: implications for epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment publication-title: Curr Opin Infect Dis doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32835c20cd – volume: 45 start-page: 3145 year: 2007 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib150 article-title: Lactobacillus iners: a marker of changes in the vaginal flora? publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.00558-07 – volume: 26 start-page: 16 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib373 article-title: Women and their microbes: the unexpected friendship publication-title: Trends Microbiol doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.07.008 – volume: 69 start-page: 571 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib218 article-title: Interactions of metronidazole with other medicines: a brief review publication-title: Pharmazie – volume: 47 start-page: 264 year: 2009 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib299 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis acute hip arthritis in a renal transplant recipient publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.01854-08 – volume: 5 start-page: e11139 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib206 article-title: Risks for acquisition of bacterial vaginosis among women who report sex with women: a cohort study publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011139 – volume: 63 start-page: 89 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib132 article-title: Beyond antibiotics: new therapeutic approaches for bacterial infections publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw200 – volume: 8 start-page: e80074 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib242 article-title: Vaginal pH and microbicidal lactic acid when lactobacilli dominate the microbiota publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080074 – volume: 10 start-page: 1 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib368 article-title: Recombinant α-actinin subunit antigens of Trichomonas vaginalis as potential vaccine candidates in protecting against trichomoniasis publication-title: Parasit Vectors doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2009-8 – volume: 64 start-page: 300 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib255 article-title: Use of 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: updated HPV vaccination recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices publication-title: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep – volume: 160 start-page: 490 year: 1989 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib73 article-title: Clue cells in bacterial vaginosis: immunofluorescent identification of the adherent gram-negative bacteria as Gardnerella vaginalis publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/160.3.490 – volume: 13 start-page: 480 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib80 article-title: Vaginal microbiome in women from Greenland assessed by microscopy and quantitative PCR publication-title: BMC Infect Dis doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-480 – volume: 9 start-page: e93419 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib265 article-title: Cultivated vaginal microbiomes alter HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral efficacy in colonized epithelial multilayer cultures publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093419 – volume: 168 start-page: 845 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib85 article-title: Aerobic vaginitis: no longer a stranger publication-title: Res Microbiol doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.04.004 – volume: 16 start-page: 1109 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib303 article-title: Metronidazole for the treatment of vaginal infections publication-title: Expert Opin Pharmacother doi: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1035255 – volume: 48 start-page: 424 year: 2006 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib22 article-title: Lactobacillus strains isolated from the vaginal microbiota of healthy women inhibit Prevotella bivia and Gardnerella vaginalis in coculture and cell culture publication-title: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00162.x – volume: 24 start-page: 102 year: 2002 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib232 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: current findings and future directions publication-title: Epidemiol Rev doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxf008 – volume: 7 start-page: 1234 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib312 article-title: Bacterial communities: interactions to scale publication-title: Front Microbiol doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01234 – volume: 10 start-page: e0127091 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib220 article-title: Impact of bacterial vaginosis, as assessed by Nugent criteria and hormonal status on glycosidases and lectin binding in cervicovaginal lavage samples publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127091 – volume: 56 start-page: e00342 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib71 article-title: Molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis: an update publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.00342-18 – volume: 17 start-page: 57 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib126 article-title: Development of a Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine for urogenital infections: novel tools and new strategies point to bright future prospects publication-title: Expert Rev Vaccines doi: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1417044 – volume: 86 start-page: 58 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib212 article-title: Disruption of urogenital biofilms by lactobacilli publication-title: Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.03.016 – volume: 25 start-page: 282 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib276 article-title: An unusual case of Gardnerella vaginalis publication-title: Infect Dis Clin Pract doi: 10.1097/IPC.0000000000000516 – volume: 179 start-page: 43 year: 2003 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib256 article-title: Not thrush again! Women's experience of post-antibiotic vulvovaginitis publication-title: Med J Aust doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05418.x – volume: 18 start-page: 45 year: 1989 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib314 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis in infections of the urinary tract publication-title: J Infect doi: 10.1016/S0163-4453(89)93642-6 – volume: 45 start-page: 1319 year: 2007 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib317 article-title: The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive-age women in the United States, 2001–2004 publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/522532 – volume: 7 start-page: 189 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib1 article-title: Efficacy of methods used for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Expert Opin Med Diagn doi: 10.1517/17530059.2013.753876 – volume: 34 start-page: 451 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib119 article-title: Human vaginal pH and microbiota: an update publication-title: Gynecol Endocrinol doi: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1407753 – volume: 26 start-page: 189 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib224 article-title: A pyo-hydropneumothorax with sepsis, secondary to Gardnerella vaginalis infection in a post-partum female publication-title: Respir Med Case Reports – volume: 26 start-page: 27799 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib199 article-title: Changes in vaginal microbiota following antimicrobial and probiotic therapy publication-title: Microb Ecol Health Dis – volume: 11 start-page: e0151794 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib35 article-title: Women's management of recurrent bacterial vaginosis and experiences of clinical care: a qualitative study publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151794 – volume: 343 start-page: 2 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib207 article-title: The microbiota of the vagina and its influence on women's health and disease publication-title: Am J Med Sci doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31823ea228 – volume: 9 start-page: 188 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib239 article-title: Dynamics of vaginal and rectal microbiota over several menstrual cycles in female cynomolgus macaques publication-title: Front Cell Infect Microbiol doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00188 – volume: 8 start-page: 4 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib325 article-title: Presence of a polymicrobial endometrial biofilm in patients with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053997 – volume: 9 start-page: 376 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib342 article-title: Role of lactobacilli and lactoferrin in the mucosal cervicovaginal defense publication-title: Front Immunol doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00376 – volume: 67 start-page: 5170 year: 1999 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib41 article-title: Acid production by vaginal flora in vitro is consistent with the rate and extent of vaginal acidification publication-title: Infect Immun doi: 10.1128/IAI.67.10.5170-5175.1999 – volume: 3 start-page: 219 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib88 article-title: Natural antimicrobials and their role in vaginal health: a short review publication-title: Int J Probiotics Prebiotics – volume: 45 start-page: 3270 year: 2007 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib111 article-title: Targeted PCR for detection of vaginal bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.01272-07 – volume: 13 start-page: 1306 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib64 article-title: Unveiling the role of Gardnerella vaginalis in polymicrobial bacterial vaginosis biofilms: the impact of other vaginal pathogens living as neighbors publication-title: ISME J doi: 10.1038/s41396-018-0337-0 – volume: 17 start-page: 36 year: 2009 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib233 article-title: Retinal vasculitis associated with asymptomatic Gardnerella vaginalis infection: a new clinical entity publication-title: Ocul Immunol Inflamm doi: 10.1080/09273940802491876 – volume: 22 start-page: 585 year: 2002 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib12 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis bacteremia in a premature neonate publication-title: J Perinatol doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7210757 – volume: 21 start-page: 653 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib372 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis septicaemia with pyelonephritis, infective endocarditis and septic emboli in the kidney and brain of an adult male publication-title: Int J STD AIDS doi: 10.1258/ijsa.2010.009574 – volume: 6 start-page: 51 year: 2006 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib26 article-title: Antibiotic susceptibility of Atopobium vaginae publication-title: BMC Infect Dis doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-51 – volume: 5 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib10 article-title: The vaginal microenvironment: the physiologic role of lactobacilli publication-title: Front Med doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00181 – volume: 212 start-page: 8 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib93 article-title: Risk of bacterial vaginosis among women with herpes simplex virus type 2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv017 – volume: 108 start-page: 229 year: 2003 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib3 article-title: Garnerella vaginalis bacteremia after vaginal myomectomy publication-title: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol doi: 10.1016/S0301-2115(02)00432-3 – volume: 2018 start-page: 1426109 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib5 article-title: Benzoyl peroxide inhibits quorum sensing and biofilm formation by Gardnerella vaginalis 14018 publication-title: Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1155/2018/1426109 – volume: 11 start-page: 200 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib241 article-title: In vaginal fluid, bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis can be suppressed with lactic acid but not hydrogen peroxide publication-title: BMC Infect Dis doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-200 – volume: 27 start-page: 252 year: 2007 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib294 article-title: Urinary tract infections in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Obstet Gynaecol doi: 10.1080/01443610701194846 – volume: 17 start-page: 173 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib270 article-title: How bacterial pathogens colonize their hosts and invade deeper tissues publication-title: Microbes Infect doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.01.004 – volume: 77 start-page: 402 year: 2001 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib359 article-title: Mucinases and sialidases: their role in the pathogenesis of sexually transmitted infections in the female genital tract publication-title: Sex Transm Infect doi: 10.1136/sti.77.6.402 – volume: 85 start-page: e5 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib289 article-title: Natural products as new treatment options for trichomoniasis: a molecular docking investigation publication-title: Sci Pharm doi: 10.3390/scipharm85010005 – volume: 35 start-page: 657 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib348 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis, vaginal inflammation and major Pap smear abnormalities publication-title: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis doi: 10.1007/s10096-016-2584-1 – volume: 19 start-page: 235 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib182 article-title: Importance of vaginal microbes in reproductive health publication-title: Reprod Sci doi: 10.1177/1933719111418379 – volume: 8 start-page: e60670 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib297 article-title: Composition of the vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age - sensitive and specific molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis is possible? publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060670 – volume: 7 start-page: 169 year: 1999 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib184 article-title: The role of bacterial vaginosis in infection after major gynecologic surgery publication-title: Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-0997(1999)7:3<169::AID-IDOG10>3.0.CO;2-J – volume: 158 start-page: 819 year: 1988 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib95 article-title: Diagnosis and clinical manifestations of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90078-6 – volume: 14 start-page: 53 year: 2014 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib202 article-title: Development and antimicrobial susceptibility studies of in vitro monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilm models with Aspergillus fumigatus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa publication-title: BMC Microbiol doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-53 – volume: 6 start-page: 434 year: 2013 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib36 article-title: Probiotics - a helpful additional therapy for bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Med Life – volume: 7 start-page: 264 year: 1983 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib315 article-title: Post-operative wound infection with Gardnerella vaginalis publication-title: J Infect doi: 10.1016/S0163-4453(83)97223-7 – volume: 4 start-page: 1 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib162 article-title: Gram-positive uropathogens, polymicrobial urinary tract infection, and the emerging microbiota of the urinary tract publication-title: Microbiol Spectr doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0012-2012 – volume: 113 start-page: 233 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib174 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis. Transmission, role in genital tract infection and pregnancy outcome: an enigma publication-title: APMIS doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_01.x – volume: 18 start-page: 170 year: 1983 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib306 article-title: Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by direct gram stain of vaginal fluid publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.18.1.170-177.1983 – volume: 32 start-page: 37 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib24 article-title: Mageeibacillus indolicus gen. nov., sp. nov.: a novel bacterium isolated from the female genital tract publication-title: Anaerobe doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.12.003 – volume: 60 start-page: 675 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib46 article-title: Inhibitory activity of thymol on native and mature Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms: in vitro study publication-title: Arzneimittelforschung doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1296346 – volume: 27 start-page: 1132 year: 1989 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib180 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis bacteremia from pulmonary abscess in a male alcohol abuser publication-title: J Clin Microbiol doi: 10.1128/JCM.27.5.1132-1134.1989 – volume: 281 start-page: 77 year: 2010 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib355 article-title: Interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 in vaginal fluid from women with bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Arch Gynecol Obstet doi: 10.1007/s00404-009-1072-6 – volume: 192 start-page: 1315 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib282 article-title: Abnormal vaginal flora as a biological risk factor for acquisition of HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/462430 – volume: 63 start-page: 828 year: 1979 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib68 article-title: Amine content of vaginal fluid from untreated and treated patients with nonspecific vaginitis publication-title: J Clin Invest doi: 10.1172/JCI109382 – volume: 5 start-page: 11640 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib58 article-title: Using an in-vitro biofilm model to assess the virulence potential of bacterial vaginosis or non-bacterial vaginosis Gardnerella vaginalis isolates publication-title: Sci Rep doi: 10.1038/srep11640 – volume: 45 start-page: 151 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib335 article-title: Host defense effector molecules in mucosal secretions publication-title: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol doi: 10.1016/j.femsim.2005.03.004 – volume: 25 start-page: 162 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib292 article-title: Osteomyelitis and hip abscess caused by Gardnerella vaginalis publication-title: Infect Dis Clin Pract doi: 10.1097/IPC.0000000000000464 – volume: 220 start-page: 1099 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib117 article-title: Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia trigger distinct and overlapping phenotypes in a mouse model of bacterial vaginosis publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy704 – volume: 91 start-page: 1664 year: 2001 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib144 article-title: Factors linked to bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women publication-title: Am J Public Health doi: 10.2105/AJPH.91.10.1664 – volume: 20 start-page: 1372 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib98 article-title: Characterization of Toll-like receptors in the female reproductive tract in humans publication-title: Hum Reprod doi: 10.1093/humrep/deh775 – volume: 33 start-page: 135 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib149 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis in association with spontaneous abortion and recurrent pregnancy losses publication-title: J Cytol doi: 10.4103/0970-9371.188050 – volume: 35 start-page: 791 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib7 article-title: Viral sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis: 2001–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data publication-title: Sex Transm Dis doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181788301 – volume: 44 start-page: 243 year: 2012 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib333 article-title: A comparative study of oral single dose of metronidazole, tinidazole, secnidazole and ornidazole in bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Indian J Pharmacol doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.93859 – volume: 11 start-page: 223 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib173 article-title: Extended antimicrobial treatment of bacterial vaginosis combined with human lactobacilli to find the best treatment and minimize the risk of relapses publication-title: BMC Infect Dis doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-223 – volume: 30 start-page: 403 year: 2002 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib249 article-title: Recurrent bacterial vaginosis in a virgin adolescent: a new method of treatment publication-title: Infection doi: 10.1007/s15010-002-2001-9 – volume: 6 start-page: 3 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib327 article-title: The implausible “in vivo” role of hydrogen peroxide as an antimicrobial factor produced by vaginal microbiota publication-title: Microbiome doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0418-3 – volume: 61 start-page: 260 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib254 article-title: Efficacy of vitamin C vaginal tablets in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial publication-title: Arzneimittelforschung doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1296197 – volume: 26 start-page: R14 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib375 article-title: Antimicrobial peptides publication-title: Curr Biol doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.017 – volume: 47 start-page: 1426 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib101 article-title: Sexual risk factors and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis publication-title: Clin Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/592974 – volume: 5 start-page: 650 year: 2004 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib287 article-title: What is a disease? publication-title: EMBO Rep doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400195 – volume: 214 start-page: S1 year: 2016 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib228 article-title: Pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis: discussion of current hypotheses publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw121 – volume: 183 start-page: 967 year: 2000 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib251 article-title: Epithelial cell layer thickness and immune cell populations in the normal human vagina at different stages of the menstrual cycle publication-title: Am J Obstet Gynecol doi: 10.1067/mob.2000.108857 – volume: 8 start-page: 490 year: 2008 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib253 article-title: Herpes simplex virus and HIV-1: deciphering viral synergy publication-title: Lancet Infect Dis doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70181-6 – volume: 18 start-page: 237 year: 2018 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib223 article-title: Clostridium difficile infection and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea publication-title: Clin Med doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.18-3-237 – volume: 1230 start-page: 48 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib79 article-title: The genital econiche: focus on microbiota and bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Ann N Y Acad Sci doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06041.x – volume: 19 start-page: 1 year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib51 article-title: Probiotics and vaginal microecology: fact or fancy? publication-title: BMC Womens Health doi: 10.1186/s12905-019-0723-4 – volume: 80 start-page: 8 year: 2004 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib362 article-title: Managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis publication-title: Sex Transm Infect doi: 10.1136/sti.2002.002733 – volume: 12 start-page: 1 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib349 article-title: The influence of sexual activity on the vaginal microbiota and Gardnerella vaginalis clade diversity in young women publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171856 – year: 2019 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib159 article-title: Competition among Gardnerella subgroups from the human vaginal microbiome publication-title: Front Cell Infect Microbiol doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00374 – volume: 30 start-page: 15 year: 2017 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib28 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis: a practical review publication-title: J Am Acad Physician Assist doi: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000526770.60197.fa – volume: 108 start-page: 4680 year: 2011 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib267 article-title: Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci doi: 10.1073/pnas.1002611107 – volume: 191 start-page: 1129 year: 2005 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib352 article-title: Effects of bacterial vaginosis and other genital infections on the natural history of human papillomavirus infection in HIV-1-infected and high-risk HIV-1-uninfected women publication-title: J Infect Dis doi: 10.1086/427777 – volume: 2015 start-page: 287693 year: 2015 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib124 article-title: Propolis is an efficient fungicide and inhibitor of biofilm production by vaginal Candida albicans publication-title: Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med – volume: 101 start-page: 647 year: 2006 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib21 article-title: In vitro antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus helveticus strain KS300 against diarrhoeagenic, uropathogenic and vaginosis-associated bacteria publication-title: J Appl Microbiol doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02933.x – volume: 73 start-page: 333 year: 1997 ident: 2021041602142037700_bib280 article-title: Bacterial vaginosis-more questions than answers publication-title: Genitourin Med
SSID	ssj0005955
Score	2.5206726
SecondaryResourceType	review_article
Snippet	The human vagina is a dynamic ecosystem in which homeostasis depends on mutually beneficial interactions between the host and their microorganisms. However,...
SourceID	proquest gale pubmed crossref
SourceType	Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source
StartPage	73
SubjectTerms	Anaerobic bacteria Antimicrobial agents Bacteria Biofilms Disease transmission Etiology Homeostasis Infection Microbiota Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms) Microorganisms Niches Sexually transmitted diseases STD Vagina Vaginosis
Title	Gardnerella and vaginal health: the truth is out there
URI	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31697363 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2404414948 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2312803347
Volume	44
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVLSH databaseName: Elsevier Journals customDbUrl: mediaType: online eissn: 1574-6976 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0005955 issn: 0168-6445 databaseCode: AKRWK dateStart: 19930701 isFulltext: true providerName: Library Specific Holdings – providerCode: PRVAQN databaseName: PubMed Central customDbUrl: eissn: 1574-6976 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0005955 issn: 0168-6445 databaseCode: RPM dateStart: 20150101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ providerName: National Library of Medicine – providerCode: PRVASL databaseName: Oxford Journals Open Access Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1574-6976 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0005955 issn: 0168-6445 databaseCode: TOX dateStart: 19850401 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://academic.oup.com/journals/ providerName: Oxford University Press – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Health & Medical Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1574-6976 dateEnd: 20241001 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0005955 issn: 0168-6445 databaseCode: 7X7 dateStart: 20150101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: http://www.proquest.com/pqcentral?accountid=15518 eissn: 1574-6976 dateEnd: 20241001 omitProxy: true ssIdentifier: ssj0005955 issn: 0168-6445 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20150101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVWIB databaseName: Wiley Online Library - Core collection (SURFmarket) issn: 0168-6445 databaseCode: DR2 dateStart: 19970101 customDbUrl: isFulltext: true eissn: 1574-6976 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0005955 providerName: Wiley-Blackwell
link	http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3db9QwDLdg0yReJj4GFMaUIbS9UF16SZMrL2igjQ2JCe1DurcozaWANNpxbZHgr8ducjduEry2Tj_sOP7ZcWyAV44qirgZKpIQFh2UTKZWep2Wucssd75SluKQn07V8aX8OM2nMeDWxrTKxZo4LNSzxlGMfISWBy03FTN5e_0jpa5RtLsaW2jchfUMoQrNaj3VNykeRR5SGNUkRbufxxqb6MSPKv8dTdCo6n9zaijzl026vTLfwpuD3Tm6D5sRMLKDIOEHcMfXD2EjtJD89QjUBxRx7eeUxMRsPWM_7dDoioUDjm8YAjzWzfvuK_vWsqbv6MLcb8Hl0eHF--M09kJInZRFl-ayEqLwqJ8zgcbGSptzR-BN55qOQSqHyslFOS4y58fKKl1x7uXY4uhi4oR4DGt1U_unwKQstVZKTvLCS-44ikRI7UrrHKGJLIHXC24YFwuFU7-KKxM2rIUJzDOBeQnsLcmvQ4WMfxG-JNYaqjpRU1rLF9u3rTk5PzMHmqALepY8gf1IVDX4UmfjKQH8dCpUtUK5vUKJauFWby8kaKJatuZmEiWwu7xNI0lKtW96pEH-IieRJQk8CZJf_pfIVKGFEs_-__DncG9MbvkQqdmGNZSyf4HYpSt3hgm6A-vvDk8_n_0BE-bsDg
linkProvider	ProQuest
linkToHtml	http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtR3LbtQwcFQVIbgg3gQKGMTjQrRO7NgbJIQqoOzSxwFaaW_G8Tq0EiRlk4DKR_GNzOSxZSvBrdd4nDgz45nxeB4ATxxVFHFz3EhCWDygRDK00uswS1xkufO5suSH3N1TkwP5YZbM1uD3kAtDYZWDTGwF9bx05CMfoeZBzU3FTF4ffw-paxTdrg4tNDq22PYnP_HIVr2avkX6Po3jrXf7byZh31UgdFKmdZjIXIjUI6fPBYptK23CHZlBOtGUUKgcsjkXWZxGzsfKKp1z7mVscXY6duQARZF_QQpcD-4fPdOnISVp0oVMqnGIdkbS1_TkqRjl_huqvFHe_OLUwOYvHXhWE5yxb1s9t3UVrvQGKtvsOOoarPniOlzsWlae3AD1Hlmq8AsKmmK2mLMftm2sxbqEypcMDUpWL5r6kB1VrGxqerDwN-HgXLB0C9aLsvB3gEmZaa2UHCepl9xxZAEhtcusc2S9RAG8GLBhXF-YnPpjfDXdBbkwHfJMh7wAni3Bj7uKHP8CfEyoNVTloqAwmi-2qSoz_fTRbGoylfAkywN43gPlJX7U2T4rAZdOhbFWIDdWIHEbutXhgYKmFwOVOWXaAB4th2kmUanwZYMwiF_EJKIkgNsd5Zf_JSKVaqHE3f-__CFcmuzv7pid6d72Pbgck0ug9RJtwDpS3N9Hu6nOHrTMyuDzee-OP0-bI8s
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gardnerella+and+vaginal+health%3A+the+truth+is+out+there&rft.jtitle=FEMS+microbiology+reviews&rft.au=Rosca%2C+Aliona+S&rft.au=Castro%2C+Joana&rft.au=Sousa%2C+Lucia+G.V&rft.au=Cerca%2C+Nuno&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.issn=0168-6445&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=73&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Ffemsre%2Ffuz027&rft.externalDBID=ISR&rft.externalDocID=A700757170
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0168-6445&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0168-6445&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0168-6445&client=summon