Effect of fat saturation on satiety, hormone release, and food intake

• Published in: The American journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 89; no. 4; pp. 1019 - 1024
• Main Authors: Maljaars, Jeroen, Romeyn, Emma A, Haddeman, Edward, Peters, Harry PF, Masclee, Ad AM
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bethesda, MD American Society for Clinical Nutrition 01.04.2009; American Society for Nutrition; American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
• Subjects: administration & dosage; Adolescent; Adult; adults; Biological and medical sciences; Cholecystokinin; Cholecystokinin - metabolism; Cross-Over Studies; Data collection; Diet; dietary fat; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fats - administration & dosage; Dietary Fats - pharmacology; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated - administration & dosage; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated - pharmacology; Double-Blind Method; drug effects; Drug Interactions; energy intake; Energy Intake - drug effects; Energy Intake - physiology; fat intake; Fatty acids; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; food intake; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; hormone metabolism; hormone secretion; Hormones; Humans; hunger; ileum; Ileum - metabolism; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Male; metabolic studies; metabolism; Middle Aged; Nutrition; Peptide YY; Peptide YY - metabolism; pharmacology; physiology; Satiation; Satiation - drug effects; Satiation - physiology; satiety; saturated fatty acids; secretion; Studies; test meals; Triglycerides; Triglycerides - administration & dosage; Triglycerides - pharmacology; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Young Adult; Human; Hormone; Food intake; Saturation; Fat; Satiety; Release
• ISSN: 0002-9165; 1938-3207; 1938-3207
• DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27335

BACKGROUND: Ileal delivery of fat reduces hunger and food intake through activation of the ileal brake. Physicochemical properties of fat have been shown to affect satiety and food intake. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of ileal fat emulsions with differing degrees of fatty acid saturation on satiety, food intake, and gut peptides (cholecystokinin and peptide YY). We hypothesized that long-chain triacylglycerols with diunsaturated fatty acids would increase satiety and reduce energy intake compared with long-chain triacylglycerols with monounsaturated or saturated fatty acids. DESIGN: We performed a double-blind, randomized, crossover study in which 15 healthy subjects [mean age: 24 y; mean body mass index (in kg/m²): 22] were intubated with a naso-ileal catheter and participated in 4 experiments performed in random order on 4 consecutive days. After consumption of a liquid meal, subjects received a fat or control infusion in the ileum. Fat emulsions consisted of 6 g of 18:0 (shea oil; mainly 18:0), 18:1 (canola oil; mainly 18:1), or 18:2 (safflower oil; mainly 18:2) oils. Food intake was measured during an ad libitum lunch. Satiety questionnaires (visual analog scale) and blood samples were collected at regular intervals. RESULTS: Compared with the control, only 18:2 and 18:1 significantly increased fullness and reduced hunger. No effect on food intake was observed. 18:1 and 18:2 increased cholecystokinin secretion significantly compared with the control. Fatty acid saturation did not affect peptide YY secretion. CONCLUSIONS: When infused into the ileum, triacylglycerols with unsaturated fatty acids increase satiety, whereas triacylglycerols with saturated fatty acids does not. This trial was registered with the Dutch Trial Register as ISRCTN51742545.