The Etiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Community-Onset Urinary Tract Infections in a Low-Resource/High-Resistance Area of Latin America

• Published in: Tropical medicine and infectious disease Vol. 10; no. 3; p. 64
• Main Authors: Micieli, Maria, Boncompagni, Selene Rebecca, Di Maggio, Tiziana, Ramos, Yenny Bertha Mamani, Mantella, Antonia, Villagrán, Ana Liz, Yelma, Carmen Angélica Revollo, Fernández, Evelin Esther Fortún, Spinicci, Michele, Strohmeyer, Marianne, Pallecchi, Lucia, Rossolini, Gian Maria, Bartoloni, Alessandro
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 27.02.2025; MDPI
• Subjects: Acids; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; Bacterial infections; Bolivia; community-onset urinary tract infections; Development and progression; Diabetes; Drug resistance; E coli; empirical therapy; Epidemiology; Escherichia coli; Etiology; Females; Health aspects; Imipenem; Intubation; Kidney diseases; Laboratories; Low income groups; Males; MDR; Pathogens; Patients; Pregnancy; Risk factors; Statistical analysis; Urban areas; Urinary tract infections; Urine; Urogenital system; Womens health; Bolivia; Italy; MDR; empirical therapy; community-onset urinary tract infections; Bolivia; Escherichia coli
• ISSN: 2414-6366; 2414-6366
• DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed10030064

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common and are typically treated empirically, based on local antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data, which are often scarce in low- and middle-income countries. This study examines the AMR patterns of pathogens causing community-onset (CO) UTIs in the Bolivian Chaco. Urine samples were collected from subjects with suspected CO-UTIs and analyzed by culture techniques. Significant isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility. Additionally, blaCTX-M and mcr genes were searched for using real-time PCR. A total of 361 CO-UTI episodes were diagnosed among 731 subjects from February 2020 to November 2021. The cases included uncomplicated and complicated UTIs (58.2% and 41.8%, respectively), with females accounting for the majority (85.3%) of cases. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent pathogen (86.6%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.4%) and Proteus spp. (2.2%). Very high resistance rates (>50%) were observed for ampicillin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones, high resistance rates (>20%) for amoxicillin–clavulanate, third-generation cephalosporins and gentamicin, while lower resistance rates (<10%) were observed for nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin. The prevalence of blaCTX-M among E. coli was high (26.7%). Colistin resistance was detected in 3.4% of E. coli, mostly associated with mcr genes. CO-UTIs from this area were characterized by high resistance rates to commonly used antibiotics (trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and ciprofloxacin), highlighting the importance of knowledge of the local epidemiology to inform the selection of appropriate empirical antibiotic regimens.